[1] Bacastow [1996], Broecker et al. [1999], and Archer et al. [2000] have called attention recently to the fact that box models and general circulation models (GCMs) represent the thermal partitioning of CO2 between the warm surface ocean and cold deep ocean in different ways. They attribute these differences to mixing and circulation effects in GCMs that are not resolved in box models. The me...

This paper reports details about the synthesis of a series of novel functionalized symmetrical bis-heterocyclic compounds containing a thieno[2,3-b]thiophene motif. Bis-thiazole derivatives 2, 3a-c and thiazolo[3,2-a]pyridine derivatives 4a-c are achieved. The hitherto unknown dihydrothiophene derivatives 6a-dvia bis-pyridimium salt 5 are obtained. Additionally, the novel hydrazonothieno[2,3-b]...

In response to increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2, high-end general circulation models (GCMs) simulate an accumulation of energy at the top of the atmosphere not through a reduction in outgoing longwave radiation (OLR)—as one might expect from greenhouse gas forcing—but through an enhancement of net absorbed solar radiation (ASR). A simple linear radiative feedback framework is used t...

Pyrolysis of palm kernel shell in a fixed-bed reactor was studied in this paper. The objectives were to investigate the effect of pyrolysis temperature and particle size on the products yield and to characterize the bio-oil product. In order to get the optimum pyrolysis parameters on bio-oil yield, temperatures of 350, 400, 450, 500 and 550 °C and particle sizes of 212–300 μm, 300–600 μm, 600μm...

Extreme precipitation events over India have resulted in loss of human lives and damaged infrastructures, food crops, and lifelines. The inability of climate models to credibly project precipitation extremes in India has not been helpful to longer-term hazards resilience policy. However, there have been claims that finer-resolution and regional climate models may improve projections. The claims...

Seed ageing is an inevitable process that reduces seed quality during storage. When seeds deteriorate as a result of the lipid peroxidation process, it leads to produce toxic volatile organic compounds. These volatiles served indicator for viability stored seeds. With this background, study was conducted profile compounds emitted from rice Volatile profiling var. Co 51 done through Headspace-So...

From a traditional perspective, mass spectrometry and polymer analysis appear to be incompatible. Mass spectrometry requires gas-phase ions for a successful analysis and polymers are composed of large, often entangled macromolecules that are not readily converted to gas-phase species. Despite these natural difficulties, mass spectrometry techniques have been developed to characterize the chemic...

Chikusaku-eki and Mokusaku-eki are natural resources and acidic liquid by-products of bamboo and broad leaved trees charcoal burner. These products contain more than 200 ingredients, including phenols, poly phenols and acetic acids. These by-products were tested for their fungicidal activity against sapstaining fungi. There are no studies about the antifungal activity of Chikusaku-eki and Mokus...