An approach is presented for the management of knowledge gained during the development of pharmaceutical processes. The “Toolbox” approach risk-manages resource commitments during process development by ensuring that knowledge of processing characteristics increases in-line with increasing product maturity. The “Toolboxes” provide an introduction to the basic principles for the novice. This is ...

At the root of the dilemmas of national integration in Nigeria is the country’s search for a lingua franca. No doubt, in a plural and deeply divided society like Nigeria, a national language is seen as unifying symbol. The thrust of this paper therefore is an in-depth analysis of the politics of using language as mechanism for national integration cum the accompanying problems. The paper also c...

It is increasingly acknowledged in applied linguistics that non-native speakers of English outnumber native speakers. This article reflects on the continued momentum of the debate regarding English as a lingua franca (ELF) with a view to situating the discussion within a broader framework than has been the case hitherto. The article considers the current situation in light of theoretical positi...

The purpose of this article is to explore recent research into World Englishes (henceforth WEs) and English as a Lingua Franca (ELF),1 focusing on its implications for TESOL, and the extent to which it is being taken into account by English language teachers, linguists, and second language acquisition researchers. After a brief introduction comparing the current situation with that of 15 years ...

Inclusive fitness maximization is a basic building block for biological contributions to any theory of the evolution of society. There is a view in mathematical population genetics that nothing is caused to be maximized in the process of natural selection, but this is explained as arising from a misunderstanding about the meaning of fitness maximization. Current theoretical work on inclusive fi...

I want to tell you a story. After a lecture I gave recently at a well-known medical school on the possible utility of narrative to clinical practice, from the back of the auditorium came the fi rst question of the traditional question and answer portion of the program: " Don't you feel, Dr. Campo, that what you seem to regard as the arrogant biomedical science model of medicine is already suffi...

The paper presents a notional account of the challenges facing the introduction of English as an international lingua franca (ELF) curriculum in the state schools of the expanding circle, taking Greece as a case in point. It broadly delineates an ELF curriculum as one focusing on the skills necessary for carrying out successful communication involving non-native speakers and then highlights a s...

The use of a reduced verbal system as ELF English as a lingua franca in the sciences does not appear to be a perfectly adequate way of expressing cultural identities. A modern society should instead enforce, through instruction, the understanding of several national cultural scripts, one’s own and others, and the understanding of the way communication and languages works. Multilingualism and in...

lingua franca (English), and scientific and individual traditions. Biotechnology requires money, which was and remains scarce in transitional countries. The succession of Roman, Byzantine, French, Austro-Hungarian, and Russian cultural traditions in these countries also had negative consequences, particularly on free development and autonomy of education and science. In addition, communism, whi...

Epidemiology and public health are usually context-specific. Journals published in different languages and countries play a role both as sources of data and as channels through which evidence is incorporated into local public health practice. Databases in these languages facilitate access to relevant journals, and professional education in these languages facilitates the growth of native expert...