This contribution begins with a presentation of the three articles that constitute this part of the geography topic, which are: Main stages of the development, Theory and Methods, and Geographical Education. It continues with the analysis of the basis of the development of modern geographic thought, in which the scientific, institutional, social and political fundamental contexts are presented....

Location and climate have large effects on income levels and income growth through their effects on transport costs, disease burdens, and agricultural productivity, among other channels. Geography also seems to affect economic policy choices. Many geographic regions that have not been conducive to modern economic growth have high population densities and are experiencing rapid increases in popu...

This pape r considers th e status of the v irtual in geogra phical repre sentations a nd practice . Not only is th e virtuality of, for example, cyberspace an object of geographical analysis but the virtual figures in the ontological and conceptu al 'toolkit' deploye d by geog rapher's in their th eoretical w ork. Critical of D eleuze an d Bergso n, the virtual is defined as a ideal-real someth...

We use a sample of publicly available data on Twitter to study networks of mostly weak asymmetric ties. We show that a substantial share of ties lie within the same metropolitan region. As we examine ties between regional clusters, we find that distance, national borders and the difference in languages all affect the pattern of ties. However, Twitter connections show the more substantial correl...

“The next activity we will do in today’s session is called the fantasy death exercise.” I look at the expectant faces in front of me. I always get a kick out of doing this exercise with medical students as it is a great immersion learning tool and fun to do. “The fantasy death exercise is sort of like guided imagery experience. Please close your eyes and keep them closed until I tell you to ope...

A d-dimensional ferromagnetic Ising model on a lattice torus is considered. As the size n of the lattice tends to infinity, the magnetic field a = a(n) and the pair potential depend on n. Precise bounds for the probability for local configurations to occur in a large ball are given. Under some conditions bearing on potentials a(n) and b(n), the distance between copies of different local configu...

Any visit to the seashore will confirm that it is more difficult to build a large sandcastle if one locates the project too near the lapping waves of the ocean. The sandcastle may grow well initially, but eventually a rouge wave washes out some portion of the progress. It may be possible for the sandcastle to grow on net, so long as investment in building outpaces losses to the waves, but it mu...

When Matt’s job search reached its third year, his family became convinced that his studying computer science in college was a mistake. “If computer science is such a good thing to study,” his grandmother sni ed, “why can’t it get him a job?” I wasn’t an intimate friend of Matt’s, but as his neighbor, I’d seen him grow from toddler to teenager to tech geek. As a gesture to the family, I o ered ...

All digital data contain error and many are uncertain. Digital models of elevation surfaces consist of files containing large numbers of measurements representing the height of the surface of the earth, and therefore a proportion of those measurements are very likely to be subject to some level of error and uncertainty. The collection and handling of such data and their associated uncertainties...