Two-dimensional geographical information systems are extensively used in the geosciences to create and analyse maps. However, these systems are unable to represent the Earth’s subsurface in three spatial dimensions. The objective of this thesis is to overcome this deficiency, to provide a general framework for a 3d geoscience information system (GIS), and to contribute to the public discussion ...

The Geological Survey of the Netherlands (GSN) produces 3D stochast ic geological models of the upper 50 meters of the Dutch subsurface. The voxel models are regarded essential in answering subsurface questions on, for example, aggregate resources, groundwater flow, land subsidence studies and the planning of large-scale infrastructural works such as tunnels. GeoTOP is the most recent and detai...

We describe a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary method to analyse the causes of differential macroseismic effects caused by an earthquake in a historical town. We illustrate the method with a case study based on analysing the damage caused by the 1930 Irpinia earthquake (Me=6.7) in Melfi, a town in southern Italy. A damage pattern map was already available for this site. To understand the...