introduction saffron is one of the most economically important plants across iran and all over the world. the most important cultivated areas of saffron are in khorasan-e razavi and southern khorasan provinces (jihad keshavarzi khorasan razavi, 2013). the corm is the reservoir of photosynthetic materials and plays an important role in the saffron life cycle. corm size and physicochemical charac...

Geometric constraints impact the formation of a broad range of spatial networks, from amino acid chains folding to proteins structures to rearranging particle aggregates. How the network of interactions dynamically self-organizes in such systems is far from fully understood. Here, we analyze a class of spatial network formation processes by introducing a mapping from geometric to graph-theoreti...

Permeability is a very important engineering property of soils and finds utility in a number of soil engineering problems such as yield of wells and seepage through and below the earth structures. It controls the hydraulic stability of soil masses. The permeability of soils is also required in the design of filters required to prevent piping in hydraulic structures. However, the determination o...

The use of pollen shape (spiked sphere) particles for dry powder inhalation is studied. Pollen shape hydroxyapatite (HA) particles are synthesized to cover both size ranges of typical drug and carrier particles for pulmonary drug delivery. The HA particles produced have geometric diameter range from 5-50 μm and effective density range from 0.2-0.72 g/cm. The flow properties of the powders are c...

(1) Background: The preservation of soil organic carbon (SOC) by aggregates (SA) is a key mechanism for the stability (C) pool. (2) Methods: Soil samples were collected at 0–20 cm depth from 75 sites across forest regions Greater Khingan Mountains, China, and fractionated as SA 0.25–2 mm, 0.053–0.25 <0.053 mm wet-sieving method. spatial patterns associated C (OC) investigated, well their ass...

Despite their importance for water uptake and transport, the xylem anatomical and hydraulic properties of tree roots have only rarely been studied in the field. We measured mean vessel diameter (D), vessel density (VD), relative vessel lumen area (lumen area per xylem area) and derived potential hydraulic conductivity (Kp) in the xylem of 197 fine- to medium-diameter roots (1-10 mm) in the tops...

Soil extracellular enzyme activities among aggregate fractions are critical to short-term microbial activity and long–term carbon dynamics in forest ecosystems, but little is known regarding the effects of types on soil different fractions. Three typical subtropical (Broadleaved forest, Moso bamboo Chinese fir forest) were selected, undisturbed samples (0–15 cm) collected. We investigated stabi...