fields may only depend on the fields of the box. interface SimpleGameObserver { Position observedPos; Game obsGame; } interface Game { Position currentPos; Color player; void move( MoveDescr md ) void swapPlayers() } Example: 3. Specification Technique: Invariants (1) Problems with invariant: • Where should they hold? • What are the fields they may depend on? • Invariants cause a modularity pro...

Knowledge is the greatest gift that man can get. not born by man. Human acquires knowledge experience. There has been a radical change in way people learn from ancient times to present. The method which was used acquire educational institutions irrelevant today. Here, researchers have found various and modern methods applying qualitative documentary research method. teaching styled of mainly te...

The purpose of this article is to offer some new insights into the ‘gift vs. commodity’ debate. It examines the assumption that commodities and gifts represent two different realities, as first proposed by Marcel Mauss and later elaborated by Chriss Gregory and other anthropologists. It analyzes the conjecture that commodity-exchange is an exchange of alienable, impersonal and anonymous items, ...

Genetic engineering of tumor cells to express both granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-2 can induce synergistic immune antitumor effects. Paradoxically, the combination has also been reported to down-regulate certain immune functions, highlighting the unpredictability of dual cytokine use. We hypothesized that a GM-CSF and IL-2 fusion transgene (GIFT) ...

In order to understand the differences between gift exchange and commodity exchange, it is useful to consider gift exchange in a formal analytical fashion that permits immediate comparison with the standard formal model of commodity exchange. However, this cannot be done without serious distortion if the neoclassical model of commodity exchange is imposed on the analysis of gifts. Rather, one r...

Because of the growing importance of object-oriented programming, a number of testing strategies have been proposed. They are based either on pure black-box or white-box techniques. In this paper, we propose a methodology to integrate the black-box and white-box techniques. The black-box technique is used to select test cases. The white-box technique is mainly applied to decide whether two obje...

In the gift exchange game there are n players and n wrapped gifts. When a player’s number is called, that person can either choose one of the remaining wrapped gifts, or can “steal” a gift from someone who has already unwrapped it, subject to the restriction that no gift can be stolen more than a total of σ times. The problem is to determine the number of ways that the game can be played out, f...

The folk theorem allows a very unequal division between players. In nonrepeated experimental games with many equilibria, such as ultimatum, observed play involves a relatively equal division between players. In a two-player repeated game setting there is a simple intuition about this: a poor player has little to lose by deviating from his equilibrium strategy. So a rich player ought to be willi...

Do higher wages elicit reciprocity and lead to increased productivity? In a field experiment with 266 employees, we find that paying higher wages, per se, does not have a discernible effect on productivity in a context with no future employment opportunities. However, structuring a portion of the wage as a clear and unexpected gift—by offering an unconditional raise after the employee has accep...

The optical disector is among the most efficient cell counting methods, but its accuracy depends on an undistorted particle distribution in the z-axis of tissue sections. Because the optical disector samples particle densities exclusively in the center of sections, it is essential for unbiased estimates of particle numbers that differential shrinkage or compression (and resulting differences in...