Ensemble experiments with a global coupled climate model are performed for the twentieth century with time-evolving solar, greenhouse gas, sulfate aerosol (direct effect), and ozone (tropospheric and stratospheric) forcing. Observed global warming in the twentieth century occurred in two periods, one in the early twentieth century from about the early 1900s to the 1940s, and one later in the ce...

Significant declines in spring Northern Hemisphere (NH) snow cover extent (SCE) have been observed over the last five decades. As one step toward understanding the causes of this decline, an optimal fingerprinting technique is used to look for consistency in the temporal pattern of spring NH SCE between observations and simulations from 15 global climate models (GCMs) that form part of phase 5 ...

We present some results about generics for computable Mathias forcing. The n-generics and weak n-generics in this setting form a strict hierarchy as in the case of Cohen forcing. We analyze the complexity of the Mathias forcing relation, and show that if G is any n-generic with n ≥ 3 then it satisfies the jump property G(n−1) = G′ ⊕ ∅(n). We prove that every such G has generalized high degree, ...

Given a set F of graphs, a graph G is F-free if G does not contain any member of F as an induced subgraph. We say that F is a degreesequence-forcing set if, for each graph G in the class C of F-free graphs, every realization of the degree sequence of G is also in C. A degreesequence-forcing set is minimal if no proper subset is degree-sequenceforcing. We characterize the non-minimal degree-sequ...

Lake ecosystems are jeopardized by the impacts of climate change on ice seasonality and water temperatures. Yet historical simulations have not been used to formally attribute changes in lake temperature anthropogenic drivers. In addition, future projections these properties limited individual lakes or global from single models. Here we uncover human imprint worldwide using hindcasts five Reana...

During the last decade much attention has been focused on anthropogenic aerosols and their radiative influence on the global climate. Charlson et al. (1992) and Penner et al. (1994) have demonstrated that tropospheric aerosols and particularly anthropogenic sulfate aerosols may significantly contribute to the radiative forcing exerting a cooling influence on climate which is comparable in magni...

A defensive alliance in a graph is a set $S$ of vertices with the property that every vertex in $S$ has at most one moreneighbor outside of $S$ than it has inside of $S$. A defensive alliance $S$ is called global if it forms a dominating set. The global defensive alliance number of a graph $G$ is the minimum cardinality of a global defensive alliance in $G$. In this article we study the global ...