The amygdala is a crucial area in controlling the threshold of pain and its emotional component. The present study has evaluated the effect of a metabotropic glutamate 8 receptor (mGluR8) stimulation in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) on the thermoceptive threshold and on CeA serotonin (5-HT), glutamate (Glu), and GABA release in normal and carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain condit...

Until recently, except for A1 adenosine, N-methyl-d-aspartate, and cannabinoid receptors, little effort has been made to unravel possible roles of parallel fiber (PF) presynaptic receptors in long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmission at PF-Purkinje cell (PC) synapses. Presynaptic kainate (KA) receptors are also present on PFs and might also influence LTD induction by modulating glutam...

INTRODUCTION To explore the correlation between domestic violence during pregnancy and glutamate (Glu), r-aminobutyric acid (GABA), plasma cortisol levels and catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) gene polymorphism (rs4818) in neonates. METHODS Using the Abuse Assessment Survey, 64 abused pregnant women (DV) and 117 non-abused pregnant women (non-DV) were screened for two study groups. Blood in...

Glutamate (Glu) is a major excitatory neurotransmitter of the mammalian central nervous system and under normal conditions plays an important role in information processing in the brain. Therefore, extracellular Glu is subject to strong homeostasis. Astrocytes in the brain have been considered to be mainly responsible for the clearance of extracellular Glu. In this study, using mixed neuron/ast...

The aldolase catalytic cycle consists of a number of proton transfers that interconvert covalent enzyme intermediates. Glu-187 is a conserved amino acid that is located in the mammalian fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase active site. Its central location, within hydrogen bonding distance of three other conserved active site residues: Lys-146, Glu-189, and Schiff base-forming Lys-229, makes it a...

Background. Oxidative stress is associated with infertility. This study was conducted to determine the effects of glutamate and aspartate on serum antioxidative enzymes, sex hormones, and genital inflammation in boars suffering from oxidative stress. Methods. Boars were randomly divided into 4 groups: the nonchallenged control (CON) and H2O2-challenged control (BD) groups were fed a basal diet ...

Static contraction of skeletal muscle evokes reflex increases in blood pressure and heart rate. Previous studies showed that P2X receptors located at the dorsal horn of the spinal cord play a role in modulating the muscle pressor reflex. P2X stimulation can alter release of the excitatory amino acid, glutamate (Glu). In this report, we tested the hypothesis that stimulation of P2X receptors enh...

At high concentrations, glutamate (Glu) exerts potent neurotoxic properties, leading to irreversible brain damages found in numerous neurological disorders. The accepted notion that Glu homeostasis in brain interstitial fluid is maintained primarily through the activity of Glu transporters present on glial cells does not take into account the possible contribution of endothelial cells constitut...

Background: Dietary-free L -glutamate (Glu) in the stomach interacts with specific Glu receptors (T1R1/T1R3 and mGluR1–8) expressed on surface epithelial and gastric gland cells. Furthermore, luminal Glu activates the vagal afferents in the stomach through the paracrine cascade including nitric oxide and serotonin (5-HT). Aim: To elucidate the role of dietary Glu in neuroendocrine control of th...

BACKGROUND Dietary-free L-glutamate (Glu) in the stomach interacts with specific Glu receptors (T1R1/T1R3 and mGluR1-8) expressed on surface epithelial and gastric gland cells. Furthermore, luminal Glu activates the vagal afferents in the stomach through the paracrine cascade including nitric oxide and serotonin (5-HT). AIM To elucidate the role of dietary Glu in neuroendocrine control of the...