BACKGROUND In-vitro fertilization is a known risk factor for ectopic pregnancies. We sought to establish the risk factors for ectopic pregnancy in GnRH antagonist cycles examining patient and stimulation parameters with an emphasis on ovulation trigger. METHODS We conducted a retrospective, cohort study of 343 patients undergoing 380 assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles with the GnRH...

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons form the final common pathway for central control of fertility. Regulation of GnRH neurons by long-loop gonadal steroid feedback through steroid receptor-expressing afferents such as GABAergic neurons is well studied. Recently, local central feedback circuits regulating GnRH neurons were identified. GnRH neuronal depolarization induces short-term in...

The effect of endogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(A) receptor-mediated signaling on the excitability of adult male and female GnRH neurons was examined using gramicidin perforated-patch electrophysiology in GnRH-LacZ and GnRH-GFP (green fluorescent protein) transgenic mouse models. In both lines of mice, approximately 80% of GnRH neurons (n = 42) responded to the selective GABA(A) recepto...

GnRH antagonists induce a rapid decrease in LH and FSH, preventing and interrupting LH surges. Their properties do not require a desensitization period, and this allows their use in the late follicular phase. GnRH antagonists could replace GnRH agonists in controlled ovarian stimulation without their side-effects and their long desensitization period. Two protocols for assisted reproduction tec...

AIM To provide results of the use of estradiol pretreatment in a combination of an ultrashort gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist and antagonist protocol, in an attempt to improve the clinical outcomes in "poor responders", according to the Bologna criteria, undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). PATIENTS AND METHODS We applied estradiol pretreatment to 20 participants before the ...

BACKGROUND Bisphenol A (BPA) is a component of polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, and polystyrene and is found in many products. Several reports have revealed potent in vivo effects, because BPA acts as an estrogen agonist and/or antagonist and as an androgen and thyroid hormone antagonist. OBJECTIVES We analyzed the effects of neonatal exposure to BPA on the reproductive axis of female Sp...

STUDY QUESTION Do high-risk patients who develop severe early ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and receive low-dose GnRH antagonist in the luteal phase have lower live birth rates compared with high-risk patients who do not develop severe early OHSS and do not receive GnRH antagonist in the luteal phase? SUMMARY ANSWER Low-dose luteal GnRH antagonist administration in women with sever...

In an attempt to resolve the apparent controversy in the observed effects of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues on the ovary, conventional binding studies were conducted with a GnRH agonist and an antagonist in various ovarian tissues to demonstrate possible GnRH receptor binding. In human luteinized granulosa cells derived from unstimulated in-vitro fertilization cycles, high aff...

Replacing GnRH agonist cotreatment for the prevention of a premature rise in LH during ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF) by the late follicular phase administration of GnRH antagonist may render supplementation of the luteal phase redundant, because of the known rapid recovery of pituitary function after antagonist cessation. This randomized two-center study was performed to ...