Linguistics has always been a field with a great diversity of schools and sub-schools. This has naturally led to the question of whether different grammatical analyses of the same sentence are in fact equivalent or not. With the formalization of grammars as generative rule systems, beginning with the “Chomsky revolution” in the late nineteen fifties, it became possible to answer such questions ...

 Second language  learners often develop grammatical competence in the absence of concomitant pragmatic competence (Kasper & Roever, 2005) and the exact nature of the relationship between the two competences is still indistinct and in need of inquiries ( Bardovi-Harlig, 1999; Khatib & Ahmadisafa, 2011). This study is a partial attempt to address the lacuna and aims to see if any relationship ca...

abstractthis study examined the effect of two types of feedback, post-text as a written feedback and recast as an oral one on written grammatical accuracy of iranian intermediate efl learners. to this end, 45 intermediate students who were studying at ideal language institute in sari were selected based on their performance on the nelson proficiency test, and then divided into three groups (two...

Within the project “Corpus grammar” (Korpusgrammatik) at the Institute for the German Language (Institut für Deutsche Sprache, IDS) in Mannheim, techniques and tools are developed for the description of grammatical phenomena based on analyses of very large morphosyntactically annotated corpora. The goal of the project is a corpus-based grammar that captures variations of grammatical structure i...

The capacity to flexibly switch between different task rules has been previously associated with distributed fronto-parietal networks, predominantly in the left hemisphere for phasic switching sub-processes, and in the right hemisphere for more tonic aspects of task-switching, such as rule maintenance and management. It is thus likely that the white matter (WM) connectivity between these region...

Readability is an important aspect that each sub-contracting’s tender documentation should have in order to ensure commonality the interpretation of its terms by general contractor and sub-contractor. Otherwise, their contractual relationship fueled conflict. Previous studies indicated documents provided sub-contractors practice are often not easy read; reason behind this problem has been explo...

(National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China) Abstract: Based on the analysis of the usage and the syntactic function of Chinese punctuations, this paper proposes a new hierarchical approach to parsing the long Chinese sentences. In traditional parsing approaches, the parsing procedure is performed on one-level and the ...

The present study, following Vygotskyan Sociocultural theory in education, and inspired by Rogoff’s conceptualization (1995, 2003) of development, aimed at conceptual development of  in-service EFL teachers. To this end, two Iranian EFL teachers with pseudonyms (Tara and Sara) were selected as participants of the study. The participating teachers were first taught the sociocultural c...