Technical description: Trophophore stalk 03 cm, 0-1.5 times length of trophophore rachis; blade dull to bright green to whitish green, linear to ovate oblong to oblong to fully triangular with pinnae arranged ternately, simple to 2(-3) pinnate, to 7 x 0.2 cm, fleshy to thin, papery or herbaceous. Pinnae or well-developed lobes to 7 pairs, spreading to ascending, approximate to widely separated,...

The steady state level of integral membrane proteins is dependent on a strictly controlled delivery and removal. Here we show that Dendra2, a green-to-red photoconvertible fluorescent protein, is a suitable tool to study protein turnover in plants. We characterized the fluorescence properties of Dendra2 expressed either as a free protein or as a tag in Arabidopsis thaliana roots and optimized p...

We present a rotating-tip-based mechanical nanomanufacturing technique, referred to here as nanomilling. An atomic force microscopy (AFM) probe tip that is rotated at high speeds by out-of-phase motions of the axes of a three-axis piezoelectric actuator is used as the nanotool. By circumventing the high-compliance AFM beam and directly attaching the tip onto the piezoelectric actuator, a high-s...

In tip-scan atomic force microscopy (AFM) that scans a cantilever chip in the three dimensions, the chip body is held on the Z-scanner with a holder. However, this holding is not easy for high-speed (HS) AFM because the holder that should have a small mass has to be able to clamp the cantilever chip firmly without deteriorating the Z-scanner's fast performance, and because repeated exchange of ...

We report the crucial components required to perform scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) with nanometer-scale resolution. The construction and modification of the software and hardware instrumentation for nanoscale SECM are explicitly explained including (1) the LabVIEW code that synchronizes the SECM tip movement with the electrochemical response, (2) the construction of an isothermal c...

Flow through mixed flow compressor stage was evaluated theoretically to understand internal flow behaviour. Various shroud configurations in terms of clearance has been considered to see the effect of clearance on compressor performance. The blade to blade relative flow variation from impeller inlet to outlet was evaluated through theoretical analysis. A 3D viscous commercial code Fluent was us...

this study was carried out to investigate the morphological and anatomical aspects of somatic embryogenesis in date palm. lateral bud and shoot tip explants excised from young offshoots were cultured on ms medium with 2,4-d. somatic embryogenesis was in-duced by transferring the calli produced on the same medium without hormones. micro-tome sectioning of paraffin-embedded specimens was carried ...

Friction at the molecular level is examined with a novel scanning probe microscope that observes the onset of energy dissipation and adhesive forces simultaneously. Friction is monitored by measuring the damped vibrational amplitude of an oscillating probe tip, analogous to shear-force feedback commonly used in near-field scanning optical microscopes. A mechanically stable interfacial force sen...

We have extended Raper's original work on the organizing ability of the tip of the Dictyostelium discoideum slug. Our new results are that tips from all multicellular (pseudoplasmodial) stages act as organizers; that the structure organized by a tip depends on the developmental stage of the cells responding to the tip's signal; that tips from all stages release a qualitatively similar signal wh...

Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis is commercially produced in a two-stage process, involving green vegetative (macrozooid) and red aplanospore stages. This approach has been scaled up to an industrial process but constraints limit its commercial success and profitability, including: contamination issues, high pigment extraction costs, requirements for high light levels and photo-bleachin...