Ecological and evolutionary change is generated by variation in individual performance. Biologists have consequently long been interested in decomposing change measured at the population level into contributions from individuals, the traits they express and the alleles they carry. We present a novel method of estimating individual contributions to population growth and changes in distributions ...

This paper studies the failure mechanisms and the reliability of the chip-metallization of a new power module using a copper clip soldered on the top side of the chip, instead of aluminum wire bonds. Both power cycling tests and thermo-mechanical Finite Elements simulations are performed. This study takes advantages of the numerical simulations to analyze in details plastic strains and crack gr...

Oxygen and carbon are the main impurities in multicrystalline silicon for photovoltaic applications. Precipitation of oxygen and carbon occurs during crystal growth and solar cell processing. Depending on the thermal conditions and the initial oxygen and carbon content various types of SiO2, SiC precipitates and oxygen related defects are observed and investigated by IR spectroscopy and transmi...

The lifetime of a ceramic is dependent on the presence of incidental cracks and their gradual propagation under the conditions of the oral cavity. The objective of this study was to examine the long-term strength of glass-infiltrated alumina- and various zirconia ceramics currently used in CAD/CAM systems to manufacture crown and bridge frameworks. Fracture mechanics were applied to determine c...

the cotton aphid, aphis gossypii glover is a major pest of greenhouse cucumber in the world. in this study, age specific functional response of aphidius matricariae haliday and praon volucre (haliday) were investigated on a. gossypii at 25±1°c, 60±5% rh and a photoperiod of 14 l: 10 d h. the results showed that the functional response of a. matricariae was type iii during 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and...

Polymerizable anionic wormlike micelles are obtained upon mixing the hydrotropic salt p-toluidine hydrochloride (PTHC) with the reactive anionic surfactant sodium 4-(8-methacryloyloxyoctyl)oxybenzene sulfonate (MOBS). Polymerization captures the cross-sectional radius of the micelles (approximately 2 nm), induces micellar growth, and leads to the formation of a stable single-phase dispersion of...

In this study, we investigate the nature of some recombination active defects limiting the lifetime in Czochralski (CZ) silicon wafers, in the millisecond range. Due to their low concentrations, the observed defects are unlikely to be identified through Deep-Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS) or Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), hence we use lifetime spectroscopy combine with several anne...

a sensor network is made up of a large number of sensors with limited energy. sensors collect environmental data then send them to the sink. energy efficiency and thereby increasing the lifetime of sensor networks is important. direct transfer of the data from each node to the central station will increase energy consumption. previous research has shown that the organization of nodes in cluster...