We introduce the notion of a half-ribbon Hopf algebra, which is a Hopf algebra H along with a distinguished element t ∈ H such that (H, R,C) is a ribbon Hopf algebra, where R = (t ⊗ t)∆(t) and C = t. The element t is closely related to the topological ‘half-twist’, which twists a ribbon by 180 degrees. We construct a functor from a topological category of ribbons with half-twists to the categor...

Three strains/isolates of hog cholera virus (HCV) and two strains/isolates each of cytopathogenic (cp) and non-cytopathogenic (ncp) biotype of bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) were each exposed to pH 3, 3.5 and 4 at 4 degrees C, 21 degrees C and 37 degrees C in a number of combinations. Infectivity titration and half-life determinations following correlation and regression analysis showed a ...

There are hundreds of thousands of oil and gas wells across North America that are not currently producing oil or gas. Many of these wells have not been permanently decommissioned to meet environmental standards for permanent closure, but left in a inactive state that enables the well to be more easily reactivated. Some of the wells have been temporarily inactive for more than sixty years which...