Both the heartwood and the sapwood of living hard maple trees, and to some extent of other hardwoods, of the Lake States and northeastern forests commonly are disfigured by deep olive or greenish black discolorations generally known as mineral stain or mineral streak. These may appear on sawed materials as individual lenticular streaks of various lengths paralleling the grain or as mass discolo...

A numerical rat ing system to del ineate crown classes of southern hardwoods is described. The system is bused on four cri ter ia: (I) amount o f direct sunlightfrom above, (2) amount of direct sunlightfrom the s ides, (3) crown balance, and (4) relat ive crown size . The total point value assigned places the tree within one o f the,four crown classes . The rat ing system can be used to train i...

Cain, M.D., 1991. Hardwoods on pine sites: competition or antagonistic symbiosis. For. Ecol. Manage., 44: 147-160. Early development of natural loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) regeneration was monitored in two research studies and two research demonstrations between 1980 and I989 in southern Arkansas. Site preparation and hardwood control incorporated the use...

In Malaysia, there is no research done on the tensile strength of structural size timber. The tension stress found in the Malaysian code of practice, MS 544: Part 2: 2001, was not determined directly and it was taken as 60% of the bending strength values of small clear specimens. This paper presents the results of the tensile test on structural size timber specimens from selected Malaysian Trop...

Portable sawmilling trials with Acacia aneura (mulga) and A. cambagei (gidgee) have been undertaken to estimate the private landholder costs associated with small-scale timber production from woodlands in western Queensland, Australia. A time study of harvesting and milling operations facilitated estimation of landholder labour input requirements. The scarcity and small size of millable logs, c...

The study and evaluation of hardwood seedling quality has been attracting more attention in recent years. This is in contrast to the many decades of extensive research on conifer seedling quality. As demand and production of hardwood seedlings increase, a need arises for efficient, replicable, and practical approaches to quality assessment. Many methods of determining conifer seedling quality m...

Management practices have altered both the structure and function of forests throughout the United States. Some of the most dramatic changes have resulted from fire exclusion, especially in forests that historically experienced relatively frequent, lowto moderateintensity fire regimes. In the Sierra Nevada, fire exclusion is believed to have resulted in widespread vegetation changes, including ...

Composite wood products have traditionally relied on thermosetting polymers like phenol-formaldehyde and urea-formaldehyde resins as binders. The continuing need to effectively utilize lignocellulosic fiber from lowquality hardwoods and from recycling streams has prompted consideration of new composites based on thermoplastic polymers [ 1,2]. Much of the development effort has focused on commod...