Financial institutions are increasingly using economic capital models to help determine the amount of capital they need to absorb unexpected losses. These models typically aggregate capital based on business-level analysis. However, important challenges surround this aggregation as well as other aspects of these models. Supervisors could use these capital calculations when they assess capital a...

The problem of finding an econometric model expressing the mathematical relationship between empirically observed econometric variables can be viewed as a search of the space of possible computer programs for a program that produces the desired output for given inputs. This computer program can be found via the recently developed genetic programming paradigm which breeds populations of computer...

Since the mid 1980s, research on economic growth has experienced a boom, beginning with the work of Romer (1986). The new “endogenous growth” theories have focused on productivity advances that derive from technological progress and increased human capital in the form of education. Barro and Sala-i-Martin (1995) explore these theories and also discuss extensions to allow for open economies, dif...

NASA is developing active remote sensors to monitor the health of Planet Earth and for exploration of other planets. Development and deployment of these remote sensors can have a huge economic impact. Lasers for these active remote sensors span the spectral range from the ultraviolet to the mid infrared spectral regions. Development activities range from quantum mechanical modeling and predicti...

The largest part of that literature, and the part on which I focus most extensively, examines the e ect of health on economic growth. Does making a population healthier make it richer? Over what time horizon and through which channels? What is the magnitude of health's impact on income, and how much of income variation among countries is explained by variation in health? The second topic on whi...

Markov Chains provide support for problems involving decision on uncertainties through a continuous period of time. The greater availability and access to processing power through computers allow that these models can be used more often to represent clinical structures. Markov models consider the patients in a discrete state of health, and the events represent the transition from one state to a...

BACKGROUND There is a large body of literature examining income in relation to health expenditures. The share of expenditures in health sector from GDP in developed countries is often larger than in non-developed countries, suggesting that as the level of economic growth increases, health spending increase, too. OBJECTIVES This paper estimates long-run relationships between health expenditure...