In the last few decades, heat exchanger networks have been widely adopted to recover thermal energy. Recently, mass exchanger networks have gained attention for recovering useful materials. By analogy, another class of exchanger networks, termed work exchanger networks (WEN’s), is conceivable for recovering mechanical energy. In the present work, the concept of the WEN is introduced. The WEN co...

in order to study the effects of nitrogen and phosphorous application on yield and physiological parameters of sugar beet polygerm seed (cv. 7233), this study was conductedin 2000-2001 in ardabil agricultural research station (alarough). the experiment was carried out with two factors including nitrogen in 4 levels (0 as control, 100, 200 and 300 kg n/ha) and phosphorous in 3 levels (0 as contr...

This investigation attempted to confirm the involvement of central ANG II-ergic signals in thermoregulation. Experiments were conducted on rats undergoing short (STHA)- and long (LTHA)-term heat acclimation, with and without superimposed hypohydration. Vasodilatation (VTsh) and salivation (STsh) temperature thresholds, tail blood flow, and heat endurance were measured in conscious rats during h...

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of different levels chromium picolinate (CrPic) and chromium nanoparticles (nano-Cr) on the performance and immune function of broilers under heat stress condition. A total of 320 Ross 308 broiler chicks (from 21 to 42 days) were assigned randomly into eight treatment groups (four replicates per treatment, and 10 chicks per replicate) a...

This paper presents a three-dimensional numerical and experimental geometric optimization study to maximize the total heat transfer rate between a bundle of finned tubes in a given volume and external flow, for staggered arrangements of circular and elliptic tubes. Experimental results were obtained for circular and elliptic configurations with twelve tubes, starting with an equilateral triangl...

The incidence of heat disorders in July and August during 10 yr (1995-2004) reported for the population of Yamanashi prefecture was analyzed, with special consideration of an aging society, in relation to levels and patterns of phases with high daily maximal temperatures. There was an increasing tendency for years with hot summers in comparison to preceding decades. Two climatic characteristics...

The ability to avoid noxious extremes of hot and cold is critical for survival and depends on thermal nociception. The TRPV subset of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels is heat activated and proposed to be responsible for heat detection in vertebrates and fruit flies. To gain insight into the genetic and neural basis of thermal nociception, we developed assays that quantify noxious hea...

The mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) has specialized vascular networks (retia mirabilia) forming counter-current heat exchangers that allow metabolic heat retention in certain regions of the body, including the aerobic, locomotor red muscle and the viscera. Red muscle, white muscle and stomach temperatures were measured in juvenile (5-13.6 kg) makos swimming steadily in a water tunnel and exposed...

A novel method to estimate annual mean heat, water, and gas exchange fluxes between the ocean and the atmosphere is proposed that is complementary to the traditional approach based on air-sea gradients and bulk exchange parameterization. The new approach exploits the information on surface exchange fluxes contained in the distribution of temperature, salinity, and dissolved gases in the ocean i...

Recommendations are made for hyperthermia research to be carried out at the molecular, cellular, and animal levels. Effects of heat alone should be distinguished from effects of heat combined with radiation or chemotherapy. Factors to be considered include tumor cell environment, treatment sequenc ing, thermal tolerance, cell kinetics, any possible nonthermal effects, and therapeutic gain. I ha...