The P2 receptor-mediated responses of isolated guinea pig urinary bladder and vas deferens (P2X receptors) and taenia caeci (P2Y receptors) were registered at the three temperature conditions of 30, 37 and 42 degrees C. The contractile responses of both urinary bladder and vas deferens to a P2X receptor agonist alpha,beta-methylene ATP (alpha,beta-meATP; 0.01-30 microM) and to electrical field ...

Transcutaneous electrical stimulation can depolarize nerve or muscle cells applying impulses through electrodes attached on the skin. For these applications, the electrode-skin impedance is an important factor which influences effectiveness. Various models describe the interface using constant or current-depending resistive-capacitive equivalent circuit. Here, we develop a dynamic impedance mod...

High-voltage pulses have been shown to increase rates of transport across skin by several orders of magnitude on a time scale of minutes to seconds. Two main pulse protocols have been employed to promote transport: the intermittent application of short ( approximately 1 ms) high-voltage (approximately 100 V across skin) pulses and a few applications of long (=100 ms) medium-voltage (>30 V acros...

We discuss the engineering principles of Hi-voltage (any voltage above 600 volts). We cite 4 examples that typify some of the problems facing the Engineer and technician working with Hi-voltages, including geometry considerations, the need to follow proper protocol and the laws (both scientific and political) governing Hi-voltage. Poor design considerations in capacitor construction is the firs...

Please cite this article in press as: Joh J et al. R Reliab (2010), doi:10.1016/j.microrel.2010.08.0 In GaN high-electron-mobility transistors, electrical degradation due to high-voltage stress is characterized by a critical voltage at which irreversible degradation starts to take place. Separately, cross-sectional TEM analysis has revealed significant crystallographic damage for severely degra...

Stress grading (SG) layer in cable terminations limits the critical electric field and properties of SG materials are important issues which have to be considered during manufacturing and selecting procedure. In this paper, two different types of (SG) materials are analyzed by both theory and test. According to the applied theory, important parameters as: electrical resistivity, breakdown volta...

⎯The electrical characteristics of solid state devices such as the bipolar junction transistor (BJT), metaloxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), and other active devices are altered by impinging photon radiation and temperature in the space environment. In this paper, the threshold voltage, the breakdown voltage, and the onresistance for two kinds of MOSFETs (200 V and 100 V of ...

The current-voltage (I-V) conversion characterizes the physiology of cellular microdomains and reflects cellular communication, excitability, and electrical transduction. Yet deriving such I-V laws remains a major challenge in most cellular microdomains due to their small sizes and the difficulty of accessing voltage with a high nanometer precision. We present here novel analytical relations de...

Original scientific paper In electrical power system, variety of solid, liquid and gaseous materials are used for insulation target to protect the incipient failure inside the high voltage power transformers. The insulation is practically ended when the insulation system has become fragile enough to flourish cracks under the electrical and mechanical stresses to which it is subjected. The elect...

Different types of wounds on plants cause measureable changes in the biochemical and biophysical behaviour of plants. Among them are also electrophysiological changes. Studies using extracellular and intracellular electrodes have revealed that wounding of tissue causes in a variety of plants changes in the electrical membrane voltage e.g. [1, 2, 3, 4]. Typically, the electrical response consist...