The acquisition of new genetic traits by horizontal gene transfer and their incorporation into preexisting regulatory networks have been essential events in the evolution of bacterial pathogens. An example of successful assimilation of virulence traits is Salmonella enterica, which acquired, at distinct evolutionary times, Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1), required for efficient invasi...

Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is a rare clinical entity defined as the presence of free air in the mediastinal structures without an apparent cause such as trauma. Spontaneous pneumomediastinum is rare in children and most frequently occurs in young male patients. It usually develops after alveolar rupture and air penetration into the pulmonary interstice, followed by air penetration towards th...

Aim. To study the clinical and radiological features of lower lung field tuberculosis (LLFTB) in relation to the patients of nonlower lung field tuberculosis (non-LLFTB). Material and Methods. All the patients of lower lung field tuberculosis defined by the lesions below an arbitrary line across the hila in their chest X-rays were included in the study. Their sputum for acid fast bacilli, HIV, ...

Genes localized at Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 (SPI-1) are involved in Salmonella enterica invasion of host non-professional phagocytes. Interestingly, in macrophages, SPI-1-encoded proteins, in addition to invasion, induce cell death via activation of caspase-1 which also cleaves proIL-1β and proIL-18, precursors of 2 proinflammatory cytokines. In this study we were therefore interested ...

Pleuropericardial cysts are relatively infrequent lesions, benign in most cases, representing 7% of all mediastinal tumors.(1) The diagnosis is incidental on chest X-rays in more than 50% of the cases, since clinical symptoms are scarce.(2) Pericardial cysts are usually identified in the fourth or fifth decade of life, and they are more frequently located at the right costophrenic angle (in 70%...

Imaging technology with its advancement in the field of urology is the boon for the patients who require minimally invasive approaches for various kidney disorders. These approaches require a precise knowledge of the normal and variant anatomy of vascular structures at the hilum of the kidney in terms of their pattern of arrangement and division. The present paper describes a bilateral anomalou...

Pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) located at centisome 63 of the Salmonella chromosome encodes a type III protein secretion system that is essential for its pathogenicity. The translocation of effector proteins through this system results in the stimulation of signalling events, leading to actin cytoskeletal rearrangements and nuclear responses. These cellular responses ultimately lead to bacteria...

UNLABELLED A monographic revision of the hyphomycete genus Cladosporium s. lat. (Cladosporiaceae, Capnodiales) is presented. It includes a detailed historic overview of Cladosporium and allied genera, with notes on their phylogeny, systematics and ecology. True species of Cladosporium s. str. (anamorphs of Davidiella), are characterised by having coronate conidiogenous loci and conidial hila, i...

background and purpose: hila-g is an immunomodulatory molecule and alteration of its expression is prevalent during viral infections. hla-g expression in hiv-positive patients has been inconsistent between different studies and some suggest that interleukin-10 (il-10) influences the expression of hla-g. the aim of this research was to investigate the expression of il-10 in hiv-positive patients...

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