Cospeciation occurs when interacting groups, such as hosts and parasites, speciate in tandem, generating congruent phylogenies. Cospeciation can be a neutral process in which parasites speciate merely because they are isolated on diverging host islands. Adaptive evolution may also play a role, but this has seldom been tested. We explored the adaptive basis of cospeciation by using a model syste...

This document reproduces the Host/Host Protocol developed by the ARPA Network Working Group during 1969, 1970, and 1971. It describes a protocol used to manage communication between processes residing on independent Hosts. It addresses issues of multiplexing multiple streams of communication (including addressing, flow control, connection establishment/disestablishment, and other signaling) ove...

This paper recounts some lessons that we learned from the deployment of host-to-host IPsec in a large corporate network. Several security issues arise from mismatches between the different identifier spaces used by applications, by the IPsec security policy database, and by the security infrastructure (X.509 certificates or Kerberos). Mobile hosts encounter additional problems because private I...

Data security is an infrastructure designed to protect and secure data from unauthorized access, manipulation, malfunction, destruction, inappropriate disclosure. Currently, organizations widely use transfer validate verify using different media particularly in host-to-host connections. This research focuses on exchanged (end-to-end communication) Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS), metro et...

one species of eulophidae, oomyzus sokolowskii (kurdjumov), was collected from larvae of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella (l.) (lep.: plutellidae). this parasitoid is a major gregarious larval-pupal endoparasitoid of p. xylostella that prefers ovipositing into host larvae but depositing its eggs in host prepupae too. this is the first report of the occurrence of this species from iran.