1 Department of Mathematics, University of Leicester, University Road – Leicester LE1 7RH, UK 2 Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA 3 Istituto di Matematica Applicata e Tecnologie Informatiche del CNR, via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italy, 4 Centro per la Simulazione Numerica Avanzata, Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori, 27100 Pavia, Italy 5 Dipar...

Developmental constraints have been postulated to limit the space of feasible phenotypes and thus shape animal evolution. These constraints have been suggested to be the strongest during either early or midembryogenesis, which corresponds to the early conservation model or the hourglass model, respectively. Conflicting results have been reported, but in recent studies of animal transcriptomes t...

 Abstract Background: It has been demonstrated that noscapine, an antitussive opioid alkaloid, could antagonize bradykinin- induced responses such as bradykinin effects in guinea-pig ileum, cough induced by bradykinin receptor agonist and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, and brain damage after brain edema both in neonatal rat model and in patients with stroke. In the present study, the...

OBJECTIVES To determine the differences in pupillary light reflex (PLR) between the acute and chronic phases of optic neuritis (ON) and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). METHODS The study included 30 patients with ON and 22 patients with NAION whose PLR were measured by a dynamic pupillometer (PLR-200; NeurOptics Inc., Irvine, USA). Age-matched controls included 58 heal...