BACKGROUND Dietary fibers are associated with enhanced satiety. However, the mechanism of different dietary fibers contributing to satiety-related gastrointestinal (GI) peptide release, especially in an obese population, is still poorly understood. Polydextrose (PDX), a water-soluble glucose polymer, has demonstrated its ability to reduce energy intake at a subsequent meal, but its mechanism of...

Since Chomsky & Miller (1963) and Chomsky (1965), linguists have recognized that a grammatical sentence can be deemed as unacceptable for many extra-grammatical reasons, including memory limitations, context, and stylistic factors. More recently, evidence is mounting that sentences of moderate or even low acceptability can become more acceptable with repeated exposure (Hiramatsu, 1999; Snyder, ...

BACKGROUND Neural responses to rewarding food cues are significantly different in the fed vs. fasted (>8 h food-deprived) state. However, the effect of eating to satiety after a shorter (more natural) intermeal interval on neural responses to both rewarding and aversive cues has not been examined. OBJECTIVE With the use of a novel functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task, we investig...

Chi, Michael M., Guoping Fan, and Edward A. Fox. Increased short-term food satiation and sensitivity to cholecystokinin in neurotrophin-4 knock-in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 287: R1044–R1053, 2004. First published August 5, 2004; doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00420.2004.—Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) knockout mice exhibited decreased innervation of the small intestine by vagal intraganglionic ...

Economic satiation is the idea that once people have attained an adequate level of income and consumption they reach a satiation point at which income and consumer goods become less effective as reinforcers and as sources of satisfaction. Advocates of a sustainable society have seen economic satiation as a natural method for reducing the overconsumption of goods and thereby producing environmen...

Olfactory research in immersive virtual environments (IVEs) have often examined the addition of scent as part of the environment or atmosphere that act as experimental stimuli. There appears to be a lack of research on the influence of virtual foods in IVEs on human satiation. Studies based on situational cues or self-perception theory provide support for the hypothesis that touching and smelli...