Here, it is argued that the interoceptive system, which provides information about the subject's internal state and is integrated in the insular cortex, and not the subcortical ventral striatum, is the critical neural substrate for reward-related processes. Understanding the internal state of the individual, which is processed via this system, makes it possible to develop new interventions that...

The 250-kDa sialoglycoprotein of bovine ery throcyte membranes~ GP-2, has been found to be an exceptionally rich source of branched sialo-oligosaccharides of poly-N-acetyl lactosamine (I antigen) type with receptor a c t i v i t y for the human pathogen Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Desialylated GP-2 is the most potent I-active substance thus far tested. Since this gtycoprotein is hydrophobic and can ...

Despite consensus in focus on form (FOF) instruction over the facilitative role of noticing, controversy has not quelled over ways of directing EFL learners’ attention towards formal features via implicit techniques like input-enhancement or explicit metacognitive feedback and interactive peer-editing on the output they produce. This quasi-experimental study investigated the impact of input enh...

Substance-using women who exchange sex for money, drugs or shelter as a means of basic subsistence (ie. survival sex) have remained largely at the periphery of HIV and harm reduction policies and services across Canadian cities. This is notwithstanding global evidence of the multiple harms faced by this population, including high rates of violence and poverty, and enhanced vulnerabilities to HI...

P ulmonary microembolism is associated with the generation of prostaglandin thromboxanes.’ Since pulmonary microembolism also causes lung edema, the generation of these arachidonic acid products may contribute to extravascular fluid accumulation in the lung. Thromboxane A, (TxA,) is a particularly vasoactive substance in the pulmonary circulation since infusion of the cyclic endoperoxide analog...

The reports from the Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) represent an enormous accomplishment. Building on the initial report in 1998 and a first revision in 2003, the team not only evaluated the evidence base that had accumulated over the past 5 years but expanded their focus to incorporate areas beyond mental health, ie, smoking cessation, weight loss, and substance abuse. As ...

The Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000 (DATA 2000) was established to create a new paradigm for medication-assisted treatment of opiate addiction in the United States. Before enactment of DATA 2000, the use of opioid medications to treat opioid addiction was permissible only in federally approved treatment programs, ie, methadone clinics. The only medications permitted were Schedule II drugs ...

Abstract Background Patients with substance use disorder (SUD) are frequently admitted to hospitals for invasive infections and may have poor infection outcomes including non-adherence lack of completion therapy. Methods In this retrospective cohort 263 hospital encounters among 201 patients due SUD an urban tertiary care facility, we looked at characteristics assess whether there were differen...

this article reviewed the addictive substance programmes in iran and around the world. for this aim method, some of studies regarding epidemiology of substance abuse in iran and demographic characteristics of iranian substance abusers were reviewed. these studies revealed that although the rate of substance abuse in iran were increased but during different years it had fluctuated. also some unp...