Abstract Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition with 250,000 to 500,000 new cases globally each year. Respiratory infections, e.g., pneumonia and influenza, are the leading cause of death after SCI. For instance, an individual SCI 37 times more likely become infected hospitalized from flu. Yet, field has poor understanding how immune dysfunction arises trauma central nervous system...

BACKGROUND Dysfunction of the immune system has been documented in many types of cancers. The precise nature and molecular basis of immune dysfunction in the cancer state are not well defined. METHODS AND FINDINGS To gain insights into the molecular mechanisms of immune dysfunction in cancer, gene expression profiles of pure sorted peripheral blood lymphocytes from 12 patients with melanoma w...

In all living organisms, metabolic homeostasis and the immune system are the most fundamental requirements for survival. Recently, obesity has become a global public health issue, which is the cardinal risk factor for metabolic disorder. Many diseases emanating from obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction are responsible for the activated immune system, including innate and adaptive responses. Of...

From the immunologic viewpoint, chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by disorders of both the innate and adaptive systems, generating a complex and still not fully understood immune dysfunction. Markers of a chronically activated immune system are closely linked to several complications of CKD and represent powerful predictors for mortality in the CKD population. On the other hand, CKD...

The development of sepsis invovles the dysfunction of immunity due to an imbalance between the hyperimmune response and the immunoparalysis. Immune cells in both the innate and acquired immune system, including neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells and NK cells, are actively involved in the process. The interaction between immune cells, proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokin...

The inflammatory response to sepsis has classically been characterized by an overactive innate immune response. Recent adult and pediatric evidence suggests that the immune response is quite dynamic in this setting, often with endogenous innate and adaptive immunosuppression following the onset of sepsis. Sepsis-induced innate immune dysfunction can include reduction in antigen presenting capac...

BACKGROUND Previous evidence indicates that inhalation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-containing with allergens induced mixed Th1 and Th17 cell responses in the airways. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanometer-sized spherical, lipid-bilayered structures and are recently in the public eye as an intercellular communicator in immune responses. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of EVs secreted by LP...

Background Reduced thymic function causes poor immunological reconstitution in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). The association between immune activation and thymic function in asymptomatic HIV-positive treatment-naive individuals has thus far not been investigated. Aims and objectives To optimise a five-colour flow cytometric ass...

Primary graft dysfunction is a form of acute injury after lung transplantation that is associated with significant short- and long-term morbidity and mortality. Multiple mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of primary graft dysfunction, including ischemia reperfusion injury, epithelial cell death, endothelial cell dysfunction, innate immune activation, oxidative stress, and release of infl...

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a neurological disorder characterized by its reversibility both radiologically and clinically, it typically has favorable prognosis. Its etiopathogenesis not clear, although known that involves endothelial dysfunction of the posterior cerebral vasculature, leading to failed autoregulation. We report patient with PRES may have been caused an...