The immune system is a very complex cognitive system. Based on immunological principles we propose an approach in order to study the mechanisms that govern the immune system’s functionality. A two-module algorithm is developed, which launch a specific action against an anomalous situation. The Petri nets tools are assumed in this approach. Also, Markov Decision Processes (MDPs) with a truncated...

1. Two principal types of gonococci may be recognized by suitable immunological tests; e. g., agglutination and complement fixation. These two types correspond to the adult and infant types of infection with the gonococcus, seen clinically. 2. On the basis of the immunological reactions of agglutination and complement fixation the strains of gonococci isolated from three cases of ophthalmia are...

Backgroup: selective IgA deficiency is the most frequent primary immunodeficiency worldwide. Patients are usually asymptomatic. However, those cases with symptoms develop recurrent infections and increased risk of autoimmune malignant diseases. On other hand, rheumatic disorders uncommon during childhood juvenile idiopathic arthritis as common one. Case Presentation: we present case a female pa...

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder invariably affecting the lungs. It is a disease with noteworthy variations in clinical manifestation and disease outcome and has been described as an "immune paradox" with peripheral anergy despite exaggerated inflammation at disease sites. Despite extensive research, sarcoidosis remains a disease with undetermined aetiology. Current evidence ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review was to provide current data on clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of primary HIV infection (PHI). RECENT FINDINGS In 65 to 95% of cases, PHI causes acute retroviral syndrome presenting with unspecific flu-like symptoms. Symptomatic PHI was associated with a faster clinical and immunological progression of HIV infection. Point-of-care t...

Phototherapy has reached new heights with the technological breakthroughs of the past four decades, such as using lasers as the light sources, and nanoparticles as the sensitizers. Phototherapy has been commonly employed in either diagnosis or therapeutics lately. Phototherapy demonstrates excellent results in targeting the cause of many diseases. It functions by immunologically delivering and ...

Because of recent advances in instrumentation, immunological reagents, and methods for measuring a variety of cell constituents and functions, there has been increasing interest in clinical applications of flow cytometry. Several commercially available flow cytometers and a growing list of monoclonal antibodies make it feasible for clinical laboratories to apply this technology for phenotyping ...

Drug-associated thrombocytopenia is common and curable, but there were few reports about entecavir-associated thrombocytopenia.We report here a case of a 65-year-old female patient with decompensated cirrhosis. The patient developed a fatal thrombocytopenia while under entecavir treatment. After she received entecavir treatment for 4 days, the patient's platelet count dropped significantly to 1...