It is often suggested that hygiene not compatible with the microbial exposures are necessary for establishment of immune system in early life. However, when we analyze modern humans context human evolution and history, it becomes evident whereas children need exposure to microbiotas their mothers, other family members, natural environment, unnatural microbiota home less relevant. In addition, a...

Aliza T. Ehrlich, Tomoyuki Furuyashiki, Shiho Kitaoka, Akira Kakizuka, Shuh Narumiya Medical Innovation Center (A.T.E., T.F., S.K., S.N.) and Innovation Center for Immunoregulation Technologies and Drugs (S.N.), Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan CREST, JST, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.E., T.F., S.K., S.N.) Laboratory of Functional Biology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Bios...

Immune response is modulated by different substances that are present in the environment. Nevertheless, some of these may cause an immunotoxic effect. In this paper, the effect of organophosphorus pesticides (frequent substances spilled in aquatic ecosystems) on the immune system of fishes and in immunotoxicology is reviewed. Furthermore, some cellular and molecular mechanisms that might be inv...

Toshio Tanaka1, 2), Masashi Narazaki3), Kazuya Masuda4) and Tadamitsu Kishimoto4,*) 1)Department of Clinical Application of Biologics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan 2)Department of Immunopathology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan 3)Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka Univ...

Plasticity and functional polarization are hallmarks of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Here we review emerging key properties of different forms of macrophage activation and polarization (M1, M2a, M2b, M2c), which represent extremes of a continuum. In particular, recent evidence suggests that differential modulation of the chemokine system integrates polarized macrophages in pathways of resi...