The Common Ingroup Identity Model (CIIM) holds that four levels of categorization (the interpersonal, intergroup, and particularly, superordinate group, and dual identity levels) mediate the intergroup contact-bias relationship. CIIM was tested in an Anglo-French intergroup context with explicit and implicit (IAT) measures of prejudice. Results showed that the intergroup level partially mediate...

The overwhelming majority of those who theorize about implicit biases posit that these biases are caused by some sort of association. However, what exactly this claim amounts to is rarely specified. In this paper, I distinguish between understandings of association as a theory of learning, a theory of cognitive structure, a theory of mental processes, and as an implementation base for cognition...

Two experiments examined whether Whites’ implicit biases toward Blacks could be reduced by conditioning links between Blacks and the self. Via a computer-mediated experience, White participants were assigned to the same (minimal) group as several Black individuals and practiced classifying photographs as “MY GROUP” or “OTHER GROUP.” Subsequent performance on implicit prejudice and stereotyping ...