Carbohydrates are compounds rich in hydroxyl groups, being a monosaccharide a building block for complex carbohydrates. Beside the large amounts of hydroxyl groups, two chemical functions define the organic class, and even the simplest carbohydrate must contain either an aldehyde (polyhydroxyaldehyde) or ketone (polyhydroxyketone) functions (Fig. 1). Mass spectrometry strategies for structural ...

The macrophage and epithelial cell mannose receptor (MR) binds carbohydrates on foreign and host molecules. Two portions of MR recognize carbohydrates: tandemly arranged C-type lectin domains facilitate carbohydrate-dependent macrophage uptake of infectious organisms, and the NH(2)-terminal cysteine-rich domain (Cys-MR) binds to sulfated glycoproteins including pituitary hormones. To elucidate ...

Molecular visualisation algorithms present simplified views of molecules, which allow chemists to gain insight into their structure and function. Many such algorithms are currently in use, including the ribbon diagrams by Richardson [12], which were developed specifically for viewing proteins. None are customised to the visualisation of carbohydrates – in particular, the rings of atoms formed w...

Spices have been added to foods since ancient times, not only as flavoring agents, but also as folk medicines and food preservatives. The current investigation deals with the extraction and phytochemical analysis of Syzygium aromaticum, Piper nigrum and Cinnamomum verum which are one of the most important spices used in India. The presence of phytochemicals including phytosterols, saponins, alk...

The Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences (Washington DC, USA) recently published definitions for ‘dietary’, ‘functional’, and ‘total’ fibre (Institute of Medicine, 2002). Dietary fibre consists of non-digestible carbohydrates and lignin, which are intrinsic and intact in plants. Functional fibre consists of isolated, nondigestible carbo...

abstract various resistances to salinity are due to plants genetically variations, and selection on the basis of one factor will not be a suitable criterion in measurement of resistance to salinity, therefore in choosing resistant varieties, it is necessary to notice to a set of resistant indexes to salinity, creating changes in physiology, anatomy and morphology of plant species. this research...

Findings on dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) as risk factors for type 2 diabetes have been controversial. We examined the associations of dietary GI and GL and the associations of substitution of lower-GI carbohydrates for higher-GI carbohydrates with diabetes risk in a cohort of Finnish men. The cohort consisted of 25 943 male smokers aged 50-69 years. Diet was assessed, at...

the objective of this research is to investigate the effect of four additives including iron slag (is), works debris (wd), fly ash (fa), and lime kiln dust (lkd) on the biochemical properties of biosolids produced at mangere wastewater treatment plant (mwwtp), auckland, new zealand. all these additives are homogenously mixed in the laboratory with biosolids at various percentages with and witho...

Maple syrup has nutraceutical potential given the macronutrients (carbohydrates, primarily sucrose), micronutrients (minerals and vitamins), and phytochemicals (primarily phenolics) found in this natural sweetener. We conducted compositional (ash, fiber, carbohydrates, minerals, amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, phytochemicals), in vitro biological, and in vivo safety (animal toxicity) stud...