ethan kohlberg, the jewish orientalist and specialist on shi‘a, sees the distortion in holy scriptures, including quran, inevitable. from his point of view, some quranic verses confirm this point. his second proof is the history of the quran and the time when its whole text was written down. in his viewpoint,   hadiths which prove that the quran had been written down in abu bakr’s time ore orie...

By a ‘completion’ on a 2-category K we mean here an idempotent pseudomonad on K . We are particularly interested in pseudomonads that arise from KZdoctrines. Motivated by a question of Lawvere, we compare the Cauchy completion [23], defined in the setting of V-Cat for V a symmetric monoidal closed category, with the Grothendieck completion [7], defined in the setting of S-Indexed Cat for S a to...

investigating a hadith narrated from the fifth shi‘a imam (abu ja‘far muhammad al-baqir) in two quranic commentaries of al-tibyan and majma‘al-bayan, the present essay finds its origin in al-masabih fi tafsir al-qur’an by abu al-qasim wazir maghribi (370-418 a.h.). wazir maghribi attributes that hadith to abu ja‘far in an ambiguous way. however, that hadith is neither narrated in shiite books o...

Islamic art is multifaceted and has a great history in fine arts. Religious art, including themes, closely intertwined with culture, philosophy, religious knowledge especially the of our country. Let us consider specific form Muslim that existed since ancient times: shamail, peculiar phenomenon culture an important part aesthetic consciousness. Shamail as carrier written Quranic content – texts...