The inadequate supply of affordable housing for low-income families and the increasing spatial segregation of some households by income, race, ethnicity, or social class into unsafe neighborhoods are among the most prevalent community health concerns related to family housing. When affordable housing is not available to low-income households, family resources needed for food, medical or dental ...

Low-income patients without prescription medication insurance coverage may be forced to choose between essential medications and food. Programs are available to help low-income patients obtain prescription medications at no cost.

Methods to reimburse living organ donors for the non-medical expenses they incur have been implemented in some jurisdictions and are being considered in others. A global understanding of existing legislation and programs would help decision makers implement and optimize policies and programs. We searched for and collected data from countries that practice living organ donation. We examined legi...

We use three conventional inequality indices—the Gini, the coefficient of variation of income, and the relative mean deviation of income—and the Atkinson index to examine the effect of income tax rates, the minimum wage, and all the major government welfare and transfer programs on the evolution of income inequality for rural and urban areas by state from 1981-1997. We find that these programs ...

Background Early childhood caries is the most common chronic childhood condition and largely preventable. Access to oral health preventive services (OHPS) for children at risk for caries is suboptimal and could be expanded if they were provided by non-dental professionals. Many state Medicaid programs in the USA now reimburse non-dental professionals for OHPS but require that they receive oral ...

This paper reports on two controlled and repeatable experiments investigating whether software design patterns improve software quality and programmer productivity during software maintenance. Subjects performed maintenance tasks on two programs ranging from 360 to 560 LOC including comments. Both programs contained design patterns. The controlled variable was whether the design patterns were d...

OBJECTIVES To estimate the effects of methadone programs in New South Wales on mortality. DESIGN AND CASES: Retrospective, cross-sectional study of all 1994 New South Wales coronial cases in which methadone was detected in postmortem specimens taken from the deceased. Cases were people we identified as patients in NSW methadone maintenance programs or those whose deaths involved methadone syrup...

for more than a decade, academic libraries have been wrestling with the thorny issue of managing the acquisition of electronic resources. where are we in the continuum from paper lists to vendor-designed management systems? this paper takes a look at several in-house initiatives around the country, commenting on the successes and failures of the homegrown programs built to track. update and man...

OBJECTIVE To compare playground hazards in high- and low-income neighborhoods. DESIGN Forty-five playgrounds were randomly selected from the 9 New York City community districts that met our study criteria and were divided into high-and low-income groups based on comparison to the median of the median incomes ($24452 per year) of the 9 districts. Playgrounds are maintained by the City of New Y...