A new mode of operation for ionization detectors is described. The amount of ionization produced in a detector is detennined by measuring the amount of heat generated during the carrier collection process. Very high detection sensitivities, including single carrier detection, may be achieved at cryogenic temperatures. Results from an experimental device operated at T=O.3K is presented.

In Part I, a new theory for impact ionization that utilizes history-dependent ionization coefficients to account for the nonlocal nature of the ionization process has been described. In this paper, we will review this theory and extend it with the assumptions that are implicitly used in both the local-field theory in which the ionization coefficients are functions only of the local electric fie...

A secondary electrospray ionization (SESI) method was developed as a nonradioactive ionization source for ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). This SESI method relied on the gas-phase interaction between charged particles created by electrospray ionization (ESI) and neutral gaseous sample molecules. Mass spectrometry (MS) was used as the detection method after ion mobility separation for ion identi...