It is generally admitting that specialization and integration do not evolved in the same direction. The analysis of sectoral production in European countries in this paper shows the contrary. Simulation of cross spectrum functions and panel estimation of cointegration relationship between sectoral GDP show that spillover e¤ects of trade are important within a country but also between countries ...

the objective of this paper is to explore the effect of financial crisis on trade flows of steel industries in the major asian-pacific steel producing countries. using a static and dynamic panel data analysis, we test the hypothesis that the global financial crisis has a negative effect on asia-pacific bilateral steel trade flows. we also examine the role of regional trade integration in bilate...

many researchers and authorities in the field of international relations agree on the issue that one of the factors to make relations between and among governments in through traders and exchanging goods among people of different lands, and as human societies develop in different fields, the economic affair and trades of these countries expand and develop, as well.  thus, they, in turn, have ha...

This article analyzes the effects of trade liberalization between two asymmetric industries. Asymmetries concern consumers masses and labor endowments. The latter, together with human capital speci&city in the production of the variants of a vertically differentiated good, determine market form and the range of products available in each industry. We show that market integration bene&ts or harm...

In this paper, I show that the increasing similarity in GDPs among OECD country pairs leads to higher bilateral trade to GDP ratios. This finding provides some support for the prediction of Helpman [J. Jpn. Int. Econ. 1 (1987) 62], whose model explains intra-industry trade that is prevalent among developed countries. I also show that Helpman’s prediction is rejected for non-OECD countries, amon...