In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), microglia, brain resident immune cells, become chronically inflammatory and neurotoxic. recent years, neuroinflammation has attracted particular interest in the scientific community. The genetic variants of molecules associated with ‘‘microgliopathies’’, including triggering receptor expressed myeloid cells-2 (TREM2), result increased risk developing AD cognitive de...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common reason of brain tissue loss as a result of tumors, accidents, and surgeries. Renewal of the brain parenchyma is restricted by many reasons such as inimical substances produced as the result of trauma and also inflammatory responses. A strong cascade of inflammatory responses begins as a result of TBI which include recalling peripheral leukocytes into the...

Traumatic brain injury is a serious global health problem with irreversible high morbidity and disability and Because of its unknown pathophysiological mechanisms, efficient therapeutic approaches to improve the poor outcome and long-term impairment of behavioral function are still remains lacking. The microglial cells are the resident macrophage cells of the brain and have M1/M2 phenotype, for...

Inflammation is portion of the body's immune response and it is basically a host protective response to tissue ischemia, injury, autoimmune responses or infectious agents. Although the information presented so far points to a detrimental role for inflammation in central nervous system (CNS) disease, it may also be useful. CNS demonstrates characteristic of inflammation, and in response to damag...

Background: C5areceptor antagonistPMX205 is a synthetic hexapeptidecapable of blocking C5a-C5a receptor (C5aR) axis by simulating C5a active C-terminal amino acid residues. This hexapeptide presents good anti-inflammatory effects in a myriad inflammation models. The anti-inflammatory effect of PMX205 on periodontitis is yet to be fully fathomed. Objective: To examine the anti-inflammatory effec...

The sustained activation of intestinal mechanistic target rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) brought about by repeated mucosal insult or injury has been linked to escalation gut inflammatory response, which may progress damage the epithelium if not controlled. This study investigated role mTORC1 in response macrophage and enterocyte stimuli. We genetically manipulated human THP-1 monocytes epithelial...

It is well established that cancer is a progressive disease, occurring in a series of well-defined steps, typically arising as a consequence of activating mutations (oncogenes) or deactivating mutations (tumor suppressor genes) in proliferating cells. From studies exploiting cultured tumor cells, two-stage carcinogenesis protocols in mice, and transgenic models of tumorigenesis, it is now evide...

The subtypes and markers of human immune cells with the greatest inflammatory response to IL-1? are identified.

endocannabinoid (ecb) system plays a vital role in responses to stress. moreover, ecb and its receptors cause anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective effects by modulating neuronal, glial and endothelial cell functions. a number of studies have demonstrated ecb system notably defects in neurotraumatic and neurodegenerative diseases like epilepsy, tbi, alzheimer’s disease and parki...