background and aims: the novel approaches in influenza vaccination have targeted more conserved viral proteins such as nucleoprotein (np) to provide cross protection against all serotypes of influenza a viruses. influenza specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) are able to lyse influenza-infected cells by recognition of np, the major target molecule in virus for ctl responses. on the other hand,...

background and aims: avian influenza (ai) h9n2 subtype was first reported to infect turkeys in the united states in 1966 and has been panzootic in europe and asia. the impact of avian influenza caused by h9n2 viruses in iran is now significantly more severe than in previous years. methods: sequence analysis and phylogenetic study of the complete coding region polymerase a (pa) gene of h9n2 subt...

high morbidity and mortality of influenza virus infection makes it an important disease world-wide. mouse is a very well-studied animal model for this disease with similar manifestation to human disease. it would be desirable to induce mucosal as well as circulating immune responses to obtain protection from infection and to decrease the spread of the virus. cell mediated immunity (proliferativ...

İnfluenza, sağlıklı çocuklarda genellikle kendi kendini sınırlayan bir enfeksiyon olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır; ancak birçok çocuk hastada komplikasyonlar görülür. İnfluenza virüsleri, solunum sekresyonları ile temas (hapşırma, öksürme, konuşma, dokunma) veya kontamine nesneler yoluyla insandan insana bulaşır. Genellikle; hava, damlacık ve yolu Titreme yükselen ateş, baş ağrısı, miyalji, halsiz...

Influenza poses a significant threat to public health, particularly among the elderly, young children, and people with underlying dis-eases. The manifestation of severe conditions, such as pneumonia, highlights importance preventing spread influenza. An accurate cost-effective prediction host antigenic sub-types influenza A viruses is essential addressing this issue, in resource-constrained reg...

conclusions based on the findings, in case a child suffers from calf pain or gait disturbances during influenza outbreak, the possibility of bacm should be considered before performing laboratory tests, radiological examinations, or other investigations. introduction identification of the etiology of limping and gait disturbances in children necessitates accurate physical examination and histor...

Most highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (AIV) emerge after field passage of non-pathogenic AIVs in birds. The outbreak of low-pathogenic H7N1 avian influenza virus in Italy during 1999-2000 followed by outbreak of highly pathogenic H7N1 avian influenza virus is one example in this regard. This experiment has been designed to investigate the effect of pre-infection of birds with LPAI on s...

Sambucus nigra (elder) are broadly used species to treat microbial infections. Thepotential antiviral activity and mechanism action of elder fruit (EF) in human epithelium cell(A549) cultures infected with H9N2 influenza virus were determined. The effect of variousconcentrations of EF on influenza virus replication was examined by using virus titration,quantitative real time RT-PCR, fusion and ...