This paper studied effects of ultrasonic treatment during the solidification process on structure formation of low carbon steel. Results showed that with ultrasonic treatment grains were refined and the steel ingot avoided the cast widmanstatten structure. When ultrasonic treatment was employed, pearlite was broken and the average length of pearlite was decreased from 550mm to 140mm. The corres...

The great majority of solar cells manufactured today are based on p-type silicon wafers. However, the most efficient modules are made with n-type silicon wafers. This is primarily due to the much greater tolerance of n-type silicon to the dominant defects in p-type material. In this paper we discuss some of the potential advantages and disadvantages of using por n-type silicon for industrial so...

This paper describes a unique single camera-based dimensional measurement with a self-calibration method of image-based measurement. The system has been designed and implemented in one of the integrated steel plants in India. The purpose of the system is to obtain the frontal cross-sectional area of an ingot irrespective of its distance from the camera head. Automatic calibration is achieved by...

Steel ingot with a large height-to-diameter ratio is utilized to produce multiple products by one stock in practice. Water cooling usual way enhance production efficiency. However, the combination of two factors will generate internal defects, such as shrinkage porosity and hot crack. The characteristic crack 10 t water-cooled steel was examined an ultrasonic test. A slice sectioned from middle...

Czochralski-grown gallium-doped silicon wafers are now a mainstream substrate for commercial passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) devices allow retention of established processes while offering enhanced stability. We have assessed the carrier lifetime potential such in dependence resistivity, finding effective lifetimes well into millisecond region without any gettering or hydrogenation proc...