This paper identifies a spectrum of risk management opportunities associated with technologies and procedures that use energy more efficiently or supply renewable energy. While the economic benefits of these measures have long been of interest to energy consumers seeking to reduce their energy expenditures, we have found that they also offer a novel and largely untapped pathway for achieving tr...

OBJECTIVE To identify the financial resources and investments provided for preventive medicine programs by health insurance companies of all kinds. METHODS Data were collected from 30 large health insurance companies, with over 100 thousand individuals recorded, and registered at the Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar. RESULTS It was possible to identify the percentage of participants of...

During the recent 100 years, the third technological revolution has promoted the development of computer technology dramatically, which thus has brought a great change in the economic society of human beings such as economics structure, employment direction, the form of international economic and the form of business. Besides, new concepts and ideas have been brought into the mode of production...

This paper presents a universal framework for pricing financial and insurance risks. Examples are given for pricing contingent payoffs, where the underlying asset or liability can be either traded or not traded. The paper also outlines an application of the framework to prescribe capital allocations within insurance companies, and to determine fair value for insurance liabilities.

OBJECTIVE To describe the current practices and policy of Australian private health insurance (PHI) companies with respect to cover for pharmaceuticals not subsidised under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A 2008 review of web-published policy statements for top-level hospital and comprehensive general treatment insurance, and survey of reimbursement ...