Abstract This paper examines the relationship between coming of railroads, expansion primary education, and introduction national school curricula. Using fine-grained data on local education outcomes in Sweden nineteenth century, tests idea that development railroad network enabled inspectors to monitor remote schools more effectively. In localities which could travel by rail, a larger share ch...

The article contributes to a better understanding of ‘Traditional Islam’ (TI), state-led project in Azerbaijan establish an alternative narrative promoting specific local Islam that builds on its non-political, non-sectarian and national features prevent ‘non-traditional’ religious variants from gaining popular traction. phenomenon has not appeared vacuum. First, functions stem Soviet-era anti-...

In recent years, the issue of war and USA's unilateral actions in Middle East strategic zone made numerous debates among researchers of international relations, politicians, and diplomats. This formed political literature emphasized on two issues: the first one is about the way war actions taking place and its legitimacy in countries, and the second and more important one is about efficiency of...