Introduction: The intensive care unit is a stressful environment due to the high mortality rate of patients, the occurrence of moral problems and working in a tense atmosphere. Faced with these conditions, nurses may be exposed to moral distresses. Therefore, it is important to study the moral distresses that nurses face in these units. Objective: This study aimed to determine the level of ...

Entropy in classical thermodynamics [1] is an extensive quantity, which like energy, volume, or particle number, is additive when systems in equivalent thermodynamic states are aggregated. Claude Shannon showed [2] that many of our familiar notions of information correspond to reductions in entropy, emphasizing that entropy is a measure of ignorance, while adding interpretations of information ...

Of note in this volume is the fact that it is dedicated to the memory of Alfred Gilman. He, along with Louis S. Goodman, wrote the first two editions of this text, and he served as an editor until his death in 1984. He will be missed by all those who knew him. Despite Dr. Gilman's untimely death and the addition of two new editors, Theodore W. Rall and Ferid Murad, the book remains unchanged in...

OBJECTIVE To calculate and compare costs of neonatal intensive care by micro-costing and gross-costing methods. METHODS The costs of resources of a tertiary care neonatal intensive care unit were estimated by the two methods to arrive at specific costs per diagnosis related categories for 33 neonates followed-up prospectively. RESULTS Gross-costing as compared to micro-costing resulted in h...

A cohort of very low birthweight infants (less than 1500 g) born in 1979-81 from a geographically defined area was followed up, and a costing of the initial admission to the neonatal intensive care unit was made. A four point scale for the severity of disability was used and estimation of the costs of education and full time residential care was made and discounted at 5% over the appropriate pe...