On a daily basis, law enforcement officers struggle with suspects using mobile communication applications for criminal activities. These replaced SMS-messaging and evolved the last few years from plain-text data transmission storage to an encrypted version. Regardless of benefits all abiding citizens, this is considered be downside investigations. Normal smartphone, computer or network investig...

The amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) absorbed by a canopy (APAR) is an important driving variable for vegetation processes such as photosynthesis. PAR extinction in clumped canopies of shortgrass ecosystems is the focus of this paper. Directional gap fractions estimated at peak biomass on several Mexican shortgrass ecosystems with a hemispherical radiation sensor (Li-Cor, LAI...

This paper reviews the development of the stochastic interception model from the original, single-layer, drop-size-dependent model to the two-layer model that recognizes that vegetation canopies are wetted through both the primary impact of raindrops to the top layer of the canopy and secondary impacts from drops falling from the vegetation to lower layers of the canopy. It is shown that drop v...

The effect of two training systems (Central Leader with branch pruning versus Centrifugal Training with minimal pruning, i.e., removal of fruiting laterals only) on canopy structure and light interception was analyzed in three architecturally contrasting apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars: 'Scarletspur Delicious' (Type II); 'Golden Delicious' (Type III); and 'Granny Smith' (Type IV). Tree...

Received for publication 15 Oct. 1998. Accepted for publication 17 Nov. 1998. The cost of publishing this paper was defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. Under postal regulations, this paper therefore must be hereby marked advertisement solely to indicate this fact. Apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) trees can produce very large crops under optimal conditions. In New Zealand, record yie...

Coniferous tree canopies typically carry more leaf area than is necessary to intercept most of the incoming light. I postulated that an excessively large leaf area will reduce net productivity at tree level, unless the net photosynthetic production of the most shaded shoots in the canopy remains positive. The hypothesis tested was that a coniferous tree canopy maintains a large productive leaf ...

Hydrological behavior in reforested watersheds is different from that under other forms of cover. The variation may be related to aspects intrinsic species, planting density, physiological maturity, management system and climatic conditions. Periodically, anomalies such as the case La Ninã are observed, these responsible for alteration rainfall regime consequently generate water deficits southe...