We propose a dynamic theory of financial intermediaries as collateralization specialists that are better able to collateralize claims than households. Intermediaries require capital as they can borrow against their loans only to the extent that households themselves can collateralize the assets backing the loans. The net worth of financial intermediaries and the corporate sector are both state ...

A model of communication with two features is presented: inattentive final receivers who are heterogeneous in their inattention, and the presence of a monopolistic intermediary, whose preferences are not aligned with the preferences of the initial sender. The sender faces a dilemma how to shape her message to maneuver the intermediary into telling the final receivers what she considers importan...

This paper provides a theory of endogenous leverage through rehypothecation in collateralized intermediation. Overcollateralization with an rehypothecation option arises as an optimal contract form between broker dealers and their clients to mitigate adverse selection on collateral quality. Such contract prevents the broker dealers from taking advantage of private information on collateral qual...

Bidders’ selection of an auction is important in the study of competing auctioneers. However, in a variety of settings, such as in the spot pricing of online display advertisements, bidders, represented by autonomous agents, are not allowed to bid directly but only via specialized intermediaries. Motivated by the emergence of these markets, we analyze a scenario where a single indivisible good ...

We analyze the stoichiometry, energetics, and reaction concentration dependence of the reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle as a universal and possibly primordial metabolic core. The rTCA reaction sequence is a network-autocatalytic cycle along the relaxation pathway for redox couples in nonequilibrium reducing environments, which provides starting organic compounds for the synthesis of al...

Analysis of the structures of the human amylase genes has demonstrated that this multigene family contains at least five tandem gene copies, closely related in sequence but with distinct tissue specific expression. The structures of the genes demonstrate that the human salivary amylase gene was derived from a preexisting pancreatic amylase gene. Insertion of a retrovirus upstream of the amylase...

Amylase testing has been used as a presumptive test for crime scene saliva for over three decades, mainly to locate saliva stains on surfaces. We have developed a saliva screening application for crime scene trace swabs, utilising an amylase sensitive paper (Phadebas(®) Forensic Press test). Positive results were obtained for all tested dried saliva stains (0.5-32 μL) with high or intermediate ...

We propose a method of activating an enzyme utilizing heat generation from ferromagnetic particles under an ac magnetic field. We immobilize α-amylase on the surface of ferromagnetic particles and analyze its activity. We find that when α-amylase/ferromagnetic particle hybrids, that is, ferromagnetic particles, on which α-amylase molecules are immobilized, are subjected to an ac magnetic field,...

In response to a phytohormone, gibberellic acid, the aleurone layers of barley seeds synthesize and secrete alpha-amylases, which are coded by a set of stable mRNAs. When aleurone layers are subjected to heat shock treatment, the synthesis of alpha-amylase is suppressed while heat shock proteins are induced. The suppression of alpha-amylase synthesis is not the result of translational control a...

To study the charge-selective properties of the glomerular filter in renal disease, we measured the fractional clearance, relative to creatinine clearance (ECC), of the amylase isoenzymes pancreatic amylase and salivary amylase, which have identical size but different charge. In 63 healthy subjects the mean (and SD) fractional excretion of pancreatic amylase, 4.07% (1.24%), was fourfold that of...