INTRODUCTION Complications of copper load intrauterine devices, including ectopic pregnancies are well reported. Rates of ectopic pregnancy are 0.6 to 1.1% per year. However, the levonorgestrel intrauterine device has been described as more protective against ectopic pregnancies due to the addition of the hormone levonorgestrel. The hormone released from the intrauterine device causes some syst...

The relationship between use of an intrauterine device (IUD) and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) has been studied extensively over the past 50 years. Previous research has led to considerable controversy and debate. Numerous limitations in the studies make it difficult to draw any firm conclusions from the past research or to design new approaches to study the topic. The main research barrier...

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BACKGROUND Intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs) comprise the most popular form of reversible contraception. Uterine perforation is a rare but potentially serious complication associated with their use. We examined all reported cases of elective surgical removal of peritoneally migrated IUCDs, to compare laparoscopic and open approaches, and to identify beneficial surgical techniques. DA...