conclusions applying a simple and brief scale that incorporates the different dimensions of hiv transmission risk may provide policymakers and harm reductionists with a better understanding of hiv transmission in this key group and may be advantageous for evaluating intervention programs. results we extracted 7 items based on first factor, which were accounted for 21% of the variations. the fin...

OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of culture positive and culture negative endocarditis and type of organisms causing bacterial endocarditis in patients admitted at National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Karachi. METHODS This was a cross sectional, descriptive study conducted from 29th March 2006 to 13th October 2006 at National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Karachi...

Article type: Case report Recently, there have been more reports of cardiac valve infections due to the increasing number of intravenous (IV) drug abusers and chronic renal failure patients. Among cardiac valves, tricuspid valve is most commonly affected in the course of endocarditis. Appropriate management of these patients is a challenging and controversial issue in the field of cardiac surge...

ôbjective: substance abuse is commonly associated with psychiatric disorders including mood disorders (especially depression), personality disorders and psychosis. the purpose of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of methadone on depressive symptoms of imprisoned intravenous substance user. methods: this semi-experimental study was conducted on intravenous drug abusers in pris...

The search for a genetic vulnerability gene for substance abuse has focused on dopaminergic genes, including the DRD4 receptor. In addition to clear biological mechanisms in substance abuse, many studies have found a psychological attentional bias to drug-related stimuli in substance users. This study aimed to determine whether a DRD4 gene polymorphism is associated with such attentional biases...

The pharmacokinetics of teicoplanin were determined after multiple 30-min intravenous infusions of 10 to 15 mg/kg every 12 to 24 h in 11 intravenous drug abuse (IVDA) patients being treated for bacterial endocarditis. Multiple serum samples were obtained over 7 to 14 days. Twenty-four-hour urine collections were obtained on days 1 and 5. Serum concentration-time data were analyzed by using mult...

BACKGROUND Chronic drug abuse and sexual dysfunction specifically erectile dysfunction may lead drug abusers to seek over-the-counter or non-prescription medications, out of which Sildenafil citrate, sold as the trade name of Viagra® can be considered as a prime and important treatment. Therefore, the research purpose was to draw a comparison and review the role of methamphetamine abuse and sil...

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) received reports of 593 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the US between June 1, 1981, and September 15, 1982. Death occurred in 243 (41%) of these cases. The incidence of AIDS by date of diagnosis has roughly doubled every 6 months since late-1979, and an average of 1-2 cases are now diagnosed per day. The mortality rate for cases di...

Rhino-orbitocerebral mucormycosis is the most common form of central nervous system (CNS) infection with mucormycosis. It is a rare but life-threatening infection. Isolated cerebral infection with mucormycosis without any rhino-orbital focus is extremely rare. Isolated cerebral mucormycosis is common in intravenous (IV) drug abusers and immunocompromised patients. Diabetes, long-term steroid us...