the natural gas consumption in iran has been continuously increasing due to several reasons including low prices of natural gas, development of gas supply networks, people’s salary increase, incorrect consumption culture and the increase of national economy growth.  although, the global natural gas consumption has increased by 38% since 2001, the national consumption in iran has increased by 11...

This paper employs non-parametric specification tests developed in Hong and Li (2005) to evaluate several one-factor reduced-form credit risk models for actual default intensities. Using estimates for actual default probabilities provided by Moody’s KMV from 1994 to 2005 for 106 U.S. firms in seven industry groups, we strongly reject popular univariate affine model specifications. As a good com...

We re-examine the relationship between intra-industry trade and labour reallocation, using individual-level data on manufacturing worker moves in the United Kingdom. The contribution of this analysis is twofold. First, we estimate the impact of intra-industry trade on worker moves between occupations as well as between industries. Second, we run individual-level regressions that allow us to con...

Empirical research has shown tremendous productivity di erences, even within narrowly de ned industries. A great host of studies is explainsing this productivity disparity by factors such as idiosyncratic technology shocks, input price di erences, management skills, or international trade. Although these explanations are undoubtedly important, the current paper suggests that product diversi cat...

the main objective of this study is to investigate the production factors productivity in large manufacturing sub-sectors. for this purpose, using statistical data for period 1972-2004, we have tried to study and analyze the trend and level of production factors productivity (partial and total productivity) in each sub-sectors classified according to isic two digits code. the average and margin...

he empirical studies have shown that cost advantages can occur due to economies of scale and economies of learning. However, a few studies have attempted to distinguish between these two effects on reducing costs. This paper is the first attempt on recognizing the impact of learning on reducing the cost with distinguishing the effect of economies of scale in Iran. Therefore, this study aims to ...

The present contribution tests whether countries can be pooled when studying the financegrowth nexus. Overall, our results point toward a ‘pragmatic’ positive answer, though considerable heterogeneity is present among developing countries. JEL codes: C23, O16

We develop a general-equilibrium model to capture key features of the retailing and of the manufacturing industry in order to understand how these two industries interact and how labor is allocated between them. We show that the observed shift in employment from manufacturing to retailing, the rise in retailer product assortment and the emergence of slotting allowances in many retail markets ar...

We analyze the effect of exposure to international trade on earnings and employment of U.S. workers from 1992 through 2007 by exploiting industry shocks to import competition stemming from China’s spectacular rise as a manufacturing exporter paired with longitudinal data on individual earnings by employer spanning close to two decades. Individuals who in 1991 worked in manufacturing industries ...

Article history: Received 20 October 2011 Received in revised form 11 July 2012 Accepted 12 July 2012 Available online 20 July 2012 In this paper we analyze the relationship between survival, employment growth and firm size in Chile, an economy that has reduced largely its trade barriers in the last three decades. We are particularly interested in analyzing whether the small and medium sized en...