Khuzestan province and other western provinces of the country have been mostly affected by the impacts of the imposed war of Iraq against Iran and due to this impact have experienced special changes. As one of these changes, we could mention the phenomenon of the migration. These areas have experienced different forms of migrations such as exterior, interior, return migration and even the accep...

The research explores the tendency for people to attribute negative motives to others who hold an attitude position that is discrepant from their own. In Studies 1 and 2, American and Canadian respondents indicated their perceptions of U.S. President Bush's motives for initiating war in Iraq. Consistent with the proposed bias, respondents who disagreed with the war attributed more selfish motiv...

Recent scholarship argues that how members of Congress respond to an ongoing war significantly influences the president’s strategic calculations. However, the literature is comparably silent on the factors influencing the public positions members take during the course of a military venture. Accounting for both national and local electoral incentives, we develop a theory positing that partisans...

OBJECTIVE After returning home, a subset of Iraq and Afghanistan War veterans report engaging in aggression toward others. This study is the first to identify variables empirically related to decreased risk of community violence among veterans. METHOD The authors conducted a national survey from July 2009 to April 2010 in which participants were randomly drawn from over 1 million US military ...

BACKGROUND Concerns have been raised about the mental and physical health of UK military personnel who deployed to the 2003 war in Iraq and subsequent tours of duty in the country. METHODS We compared health outcomes in a random sample of UK armed forces personnel who were deployed to the 2003 Iraq war with those in personnel who were not deployed. Participants completed a questionnaire cover...

Declaration of interest None. The recent claim against the UK Ministry of Defence for failing to prevent, detect and treat psychiatric injury in veterans of military action in Northern Ireland, the Falklands, the Persian Gulf and Bosnia was lost in all significant respects (Multiple Claimants v. The Ministry of Defence, 2003). Furthermore, in a climate in which it is increasingly accepted that ...

Iraq’s agricultural sector represents a small, but vital component of Iraq’s economy. Over the past several decades agriculture’s role in the economy has been heavily influenced by Iraq’s involvement in military conflicts, particularly the 1980-88 Iran-Iraq War and the 1991 Gulf War, and by varying degrees of government efforts to promote and/or control agricultural production. In the mid-1980s...

Past research indicates that war-zone veterans may experience psychological symptoms such as nightmares, difficulty experiencing happiness, and jumpiness. These and similar stress-related symptoms, if severe enough, are labeled posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the impact of war can extend beyond psychological symptoms. This study examined 800 Army soldiers before and after they de...

This article explores deterrence, a time-honoured concept in International Relations (ir), through the application of systemism, a concept borrowed from the philosophy of science. The purpose of this study is to provide a diagrammatic exposition that establishes the “value added” from systemism vis-à-vis the research on deterrence. A series of exchanges involving us-led efforts to deter Saddam ...