Wastewater from the textile industry can contain a variety of polluting subst-ances including dyes. Increasingly, environmental legislation is being imposed to control the release of dyes, in particular azo-based compounds, into the enviro -nment. The ability of microorganisms to decolourise and metabolise dyes has long been known, and the use of bioremediation based technologies for treating t...

Biodrying, as the name implies, is a drying technique that relies on biological activities of microorganisms, bacteria and fungi to reduce the mois­ ture content of wet biomaterial waste. The drying effect is achieved because of the microbial activity as well as forced aeration. As the microorgan­ isms feed on the nutrients, carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and other elements a vailable in the waste, ...

BACKGROUND An increasing number of model-based studies that evaluate the cost effectiveness of treatments for depression are being published. These studies have different characteristics and use different simulation methods. OBJECTIVE We aimed to systematically review model-based studies evaluating the cost effectiveness of treatments for depression and examine which modelling technique is mo...

The range of placebo mechanisms can be bewil­ dering, but evolution provides an overarching theoretical framework that permits the integration of the different levels of explanation. Tinbergen’s (1963) classification, for example, divides the causes of behaviours such as placebo responses into proximate mechanisms and ultimate mechan isms (Box 1). This framework allows the integration of physio...