Within an MPEG-21 architecture, the two key concepts are the Digital Item, representing multimedia content, and Users, interacting with this content. MPEG-21 introduced Digital Item Processing to allow content authors to describe suggested processing of their Digital Items. It standardizes ways to insert functionality into a Digital Item, as such, creating a dynamic and interactive multimedia f...

It has been widely observed that in the L2 acquisition of aspect, progressive/imperfective marking is acquired earlier with activity verbs than with achievement verbs (the Aspect Hypothesis; Andersen & Shirai, 1994). This pattern has been seen repeatedly in Japanese -te i(e.g., Shirai & Kurono, 1998), and in -ko issand -a issin L2 Korean (e.g., Lee & Kim, 2007). However, Ishida (2004) found her...

Item test analysis is an aid to identify items that need to be eliminated from an assessment. An automatic elimination procedure based on item statistics, therefore, could help to increase the quality of a test in an objective manner. This was investigated by studying the effect of a standardized elimination procedure on the test results of a second-year course over a period of 6 successive yea...

INTRODUCTION Randy Bennett (2001) claimed, a decade ago, that no topic would become more central to the innovation and future practice in educational assessment than computers and the internet. His prediction has proven to be accurate. Educational assessment and computer technology have evolved at a staggering pace since 2001. As a result many educational assessments, which were once given in a...

This study describes the development of a test of scientific creativity for use with secondary school students. A Scientific Creativity StructureModel (SCSM) was constructed on the basis of an analysis of meanings and aspects of scientific creativity found in the literature. 50 science teachers in China took part in an initial evaluation of this model. On the basis of their analyses and comment...

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Recommender systems can provide users with relevant items based on each user’s preferences. However, in the domain of mobile applications (apps), existing recommender systems merely recommend apps that users have experienced (rated, commented, or downloaded) since this type of information indicates each user’s preference for the apps. Unfortunately, this prunes the apps which are releavnt but a...

Following the structure meaning approach (c.f. [3,4]), I argued in [5] that the prosodic peak of Contrastive-marking creates a partition of the asserted proposition into B (background) and F (Focus). The morphological wa-marking then introduces the Con operator that takes the structured meaning as its argument and yields a conventional implicature. The Contrastive-marked sentence presupposes th...