Reinhard Alkofer Institut für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria Christian S. Fischer Institut für Physik, TU Darmstadt, Schlossgartenstr. 9, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany Markus Q. Huber Institut für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität, Universitätsplatz 5, A-8010 Graz, Austria Kai Schwenzer Institut für Physik, Karl-Franzens-Universität, Universitätsplatz ...

When Karl Deisseroth, a neuroscientist at Stanford University, recently set out to improve a trustymolecular tool for finessing the activity of brain cells in living animals, he had nary a clue that nature had longanticipated his fastidious feat of engineering. Deisseroth, whose name has become nearly metonymous with optogenetics, a molecular technique for manipulating neurons using light, has ...

Karl Oskar Illmensee studied the cloning [2] and reproduction of fruit flies, mice, and humans [3] in the US and Europe during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Illmensee used nuclear transfer techniques (cloning [2]) to create early mouse [4] embryos from adult mouse [4] cells, a technique biologists used in later decades to help explain how embryonic cells function during development....