Table A1. Accountability Theory and Deterrence Theory Compared Element Deterrence Theory Accountability Theory Objective of theory Explains how to reduce antisocial behaviors. Explains how to reduce antisocial behaviors or increase prosocial behaviors. Central mechanism Sanctions. Self-image preservation and social desirability. External component Externally imposed sanctions. Person or organiz...

Results from three national surveys in Haiti suggest that the prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting in children fell considerably between 1978 and 1990. In the following four years, rates of stunting and underweight levelled off, while that of wasting nearly doubled. Child nutrition deteriorated dramatically during a period of intense political crisis and international sanctions that...

The treatment of juveniles within the criminal justice systems is a matter of great variety in the 11 European countries studied comparatively. The study focuses on the age of criminal responsibility, ways to divert juvenile offenders from the criminal justice system or avoid criminal justice responses to them, juvenile proceedings and special reactions and sanctions. In spite of different appr...

In this paper we enrich FIEVeL (a modelling language for institutions amenable to model checking) with new constructs to describe norms and sanctions. Moreover, we present a specification language to reason about the effectiveness of norms and sanctions in shaping agent interactions. Finally we show that when properties of artificial institutions reflect certain interpretations of norms of huma...

using economic sanctions as an instrument to prevent proliferation of weapon of mass destruction in foreign policy is expanding today.to understand the role of nonproliferation of weapon of mass destruction in foreign policy of great powers and in imposing sanctions by security council particularly us and eu, bases of various literature structures especially study on international relations the...

the evolution of the security council sanctions approach and its focus on individuals, groups and legal persons instead of states as traditional targets of the sanctions, and the procedures of adding a name to the consolidate list of a sanctions committee and removing it from that list without respecting the basic standards of the right to a fair trail or process, has provoked serious critics c...

As the number of systems which offer annotations on digital documents increases, robust anchoring of annotations is a key challenge. It is especially important if the annotator lacks write-access to the document being annotated. For example, if someone makes an annotation on a web page today and the web page changes tomorrow, what happens to the annotation? One approach is simply to “orphan” th...

We experimentally investigate a repeated “inspection game” where, in the stage game, an employee can either work or shirk and an employer simultaneously chooses to inspect or not inspect. The unique equilibrium of the stage game is in mixed strategies with positive probabilities of shirking/inspecting while combined payoffs are maximized when the employee works and the employer does not inspect...

This paper analyses crucial design features of unemployment insurance (UI) policies. We examine three different means of improving the efficiency of UI: the duration of benefit payments, monitoring in conjunction with sanctions, and workfare. To that end we develop a quantitative model of equilibrium unemployment. The model features worker heterogeneity in preferences for leisure. The numerical...