A statistical way to describe a surface in space is by specifying the expected value and variance at each point, and their mutual covariances. The surface is assumed to consist of a trend function and a residual function. The covariances between those points are expressed in a covariance function, based on the residual function. An application of the covariance function is Kriging, an interpola...

Abstract Following the results of a study carried out for the neighbouring Sicilian region, this paper reports a study of the applicability of the annual value, F , of the Arnouldus index to represent the erosion risk in Calabrian region. Firstly, By using 214 values of the mean annual value of the erosivity index, FF, and a Kriging interpolation method, an isoerosivity map is plotted. Then, in...

The chapter contains the general information on snow properties and main processes which occur in snow pack during cold period and during snowmelt. The models of hydrothermal processes and heat and moisture transfer in the dry and melting snow pack are described. The methods of calculation of snowmelt rate based on the energy budget of snow pack have been reviewed. To interpolate the spatial di...

The sustainable management of groundwater resources needs quantitative information on its behaviors in space and time. With the availability of distributed models, which can handle large volume of data, the spatial information of groundwater at a grid pattern is not only useful but is necessary to get reliable results. Various methods, both simple and complicated, are available and are in use t...

background : noise pollution and workers' noise exposure are common in industrial factories in iran. in order to reduce this noise pollution, evaluation and investigation of noise emission are both necessary. in this study, different noise mapping methodsare used for determining the distribution of noise.   materials and methods : in the present study, for preparing a noise map in a hall o...

in this research, the spatial distribution of fe, cu, zn and mn on agricultural lands of golestan province were evaluated using different interpolation methods such as, kriging, inverse distance weighted, local polynomial, inverse multiquadric and radial basis function. thus, 505 soil samples were provided from fields during 2008 and micronutrients rates were measured for each sample. the perfo...

this study presents a new method for interpolation by use of copula for groundwater quality zoning. in this regard, the data of the concentration of bicarbonate in 87 piezometric wells on the plains of kerman and ravar in september 2013 were examined. for this purpose, four archimedean copula including clayton, frank, gumbel and joe have been used. then, the obtained results were compared to th...

BACKGROUND Due to the lack of small-scale neighbourhood-level health related indicators, the analysis of social and spatial determinants of health often encounter difficulties in assessing the interrelations of neighbourhood and health. Although secondary data sources are now becoming increasingly available, they usually cannot be directly utilized for analysis in other than the designed study ...

Water distribution networks are subject to potential intentional contaminations to cause harm to the consumer. Reliable transport models are needed to detect, trace and follow any contaminant transported inside the network. For now, the transport of contaminants in pipes has been mostly modeled assuming perfect mixing conditions at T-junction. However, some studies have shown that it is not alw...

A crop height model (CHM) can be an important element of the decision making process in agriculture, because it relates well with many agronomic parameters, e.g., crop height, plant biomass or crop yield. Today, CHMs can be inexpensively obtained from overlapping imagery captured from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms or from proximal sensors attached to ground-based vehicles used for reg...