Positive evolutionary pressure has apparently preserved the ability to synthesize chemically authentic morphine, albeit in homeopathic concentrations, throughout animal phyla. Despite the establishment of a progressively rigorous and mechanistically focused historical literature extending from the mid 1970s to the mid 1980s that supported the expression of chemically authentic morphine by anima...

Background: Morphine and clonidine show synergy or antagonism inhibiting gastrointestinal transit depending on their proportion and level of effect. Their interaction during morphine tolerance and intestinal inflammation were assessed. Methods: Gastrointestinal transit in mice was evaluated with charcoal and antitransit effects expressed as percent mean values f SEM. Tolerance was induced with ...

background: the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic injection of morphine on infection with leishmania major (l. major) in sensitive balb/c and resistant c57bl/6 mice. methods: morphine injections (2 times /day with 12 hrs intervals, s.c) were begun one week before parasite inoculation. the first group of mice strains was infused with 1.5mg/kg morphine, the second group with...

Several isoforms of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) have been identified. Antisense approaches have been developed which can selectively down-regulate nNOS-1, which corresponds to the full-length nNOS originally cloned from the brain, and nNOS-2, a truncated form lacking two exons which is generated by alternative splicing, as demonstrated by decreases in mRNA levels. Antisense treatment ...

Objective(s): Morphine dependence (MD) potently protects heart against ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury through specific signaling mechanisms, which are different from the pathways involved in acute morphine treatment or classical preconditioning. Since opioid receptor density changes post cerebral ischemia strongly correlated with brain histological damage, in the present study, we tried to el...

Medicinal use of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L) has ancient history, but the isolation of morphine was not described until the early nineteenth century. Morphine is the most important alkaloid of opium poppy in the last 50 years. In the morphine pathway has been reported to generate morphine in this species, CODM has a crucial role as the gene coding the enzyme respons...

Introduction: It has been reported that oral morphine dependency facilitated formation of spatial learning and memory. In the present study the role of NMDA receptors located in hippocampal CA1 area of morphine dependent rats was studied. Methods: Male rats were divided into 4 groups. Two cannulae were stereotaxically implanted bilaterally into the hippocampal CA1 area. After 5 days recover...

OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of continuous morphine infusion in ventilated newborns on plasma concentrations of adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and their relation to clinical outcome. DESIGN Blinded, randomised, placebo controlled trial. SETTING Level III neonatal intensive care units in two centres. PATIENTS A total of 126 ventilated neonates (inclusion...

UNLABELLED Methadone is a synthetic opioid analgesic that is used as an alternate to morphine and hydromorphone for patients with severe pain. It is increasingly being used in opioid rotation schedules. Methadone has an asymmetric carbon atom resulting in 2 enantiomeric forms, the d and l isomers. The racemic mixture (dl-methadone) is the form commonly used clinically. Recent studies have revea...