Bonded labor, which is characterized by a long-term relationship between employer and employee, is usually solidified through a loan, and is embedded intricately in India’s socio-economic culture—a culture that is a product of class relations, a colonial history, and persistent poverty among many citizens. Also known as debt bondage, bonded labor is a specific form of forced labor in which comp...

Manning proposes that the ‘traditional’ monopsony model, once regarded as an analytical curiosity, be adopted as a widely-applicable description of firms’ behavior in labor markets. In Manning’s view, search frictions in the labor market generate upwardsloping labor supply curves to individual firms even when firms are small relative to the labor market. Thus a model of ‘monopsonistic competiti...

An important source of antagonism between ethnic groups is hypothesized to be a split labor market, i.e. one in which there is a large differential in price of labor for the same occupation. The price of labor is not a response to race or ethnicity of those entering the labor market. A price differential results from differences in resources and motives which are often correlates of ethnicity. ...

Neglected obstructed labor is a major cause of feto-maternal morbidity and mortality in the developing countries [1-3]. Labor is obstructed when the presenting part of the fetus cannot progress into the birth canal despite strong uterine contractions [4]. It becomes neglected obstructed labor when the obstruction is not relieved for several hours or days. Labor that is not supervised by skilled...